Table 4.

Mann–Whitney U test for learner confidence (unpaired)

Question: I am confident in my ability to handle an incident such as this
Responses	Pre	Post
5 = Strongly agree	0	3	Sum of Ranks	3081
4 = Agree	4	16	Mean of Ranks	39.5
3 = Neutral	23	8	SD	96.72
2 = Disagree	17	2	U	227
1 = Strongly disagree	5	0	Z	-4.99
			p < 0.01
Question: The subject of disaster medicine is important to emergency medicine
Responses	Pre	Post
5 = Strongly agree	30	18	Sum of Ranks	3081
4 = Agree	10	11	Mean of Ranks	39.5
3 = Neutral	7	0	SD	96.72
2 = Disagree	1	0	U	615
1 = Strongly disagree	1	0	Z	-0.98
			p = 0.16