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. 2023 Jun 5;109(9):2585–2597. doi: 10.1097/JS9.0000000000000518

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Copyright © 2023 The Author(s). Published by Wolters Kluwer Health, Inc.

This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-Non Commercial License 4.0 (CCBY-NC), where it is permissible to download, share, remix, transform, and buildup the work provided it is properly cited. The work cannot be used commercially without permission from the journal. http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/

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Comparison of the fecal microbiome in patients with gallstones (before cholecystectomy) and after cholecystectomy (n=32). (A) Comparison of overall diversity (Shannon and Gini–Simpson indices) between patients with gallstone and after cholecystectomy. (B) Unweighted UniFrac principal coordinate analysis [patients with gallstones (red dot) vs. after cholecystectomy (green dot)]. (C) Heat map of taxonomic assignment of fecal samples. The colored columns in the upper part of the heat map indicate patients with gallstones and after cholecystectomy, and those in the lower part of the heat map indicate each participant. Taxonomic abundance is proportional to the color intensity (color scale in the upper-left panel of the figure). (D) Krona chart illustrating the differential abundance of bacteria in patients with gallstones and after cholecystectomy. (E) Cladogram highlighting the distribution of the fecal microbiome with differential abundance between the two conditions. (F) Linear discriminant analysis coupled with effect size measurements illustrating the most differentially abundant taxa between the two groups.