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. 2023 Aug 30;14:1229636. doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1229636

Figure 1.

Figure 1

Assumptions of a mendelian randomization analysis for inflammatory regulators and risk of CKD. Broken lines represent potential pleiotropic or direct causal effects between variables that would violate Mendelian randomization assumptions. eGFR, estimated glomerular filtration rate.