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. 2023 Sep 13;18(9):e0290742. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0290742

Table 1. One-way ANOVAs comparing forest composition variables across three different conservation scenarios in Costa Rica.

Conservation Scenario  
Characteristic None Protected Areas1 Incentivized Conservation P-Value
Number of Sites 7 4 7 -
Number of Plots 15 39 24 -
Cover (%) 77.71 (9.03) 82.72 (5.10) 81.47 (5.42) 0.13
Height (m) 11.59 (3.23) 14.37 (2.18) 13.56 (1.90) 0.001
Elevation (m) 725.92 (545.58) 887.12 (765.55) 382.39 (452.97) 0.01
Latitude 9.43 (0.83) 9.50 (0.76) 9.96 (0.77) 0.04
Longitude -83.33 (0.54) -83.39 (0.54) -83.74 (0.53) 0.02
Size (Hectares) 233.26 (559.41) 55831.86 (81473.81) 1046.15 (874.40) <0.0001
Distance to Protected Area (m) 3695.00 (2740.76) 0.00 (0.00) 1313.93 (2131.49) 0.01
Number of Seedlings/m2 9.51 (6.17) 7.53 (4.53) 10.53 (6.62) 0.11
Number of Saplings/m2 0.53 (0.37) 0.58 (0.35) 0.54 (0.23) 0.79
Number of Adults/m2 0.05 (0.02) 0.05 (0.02) 0.05 (0.02) 0.55
Number of Adults/plots 8.07 (3.08) 7.29 (2.82) 8.03 (2.63) 0.55
Total DBH (cm) 245.11 (103.77) 244.82 (103.27) 231.00 (93.47) 0.85
Average DBH (cm) 30.91 (10.54) 32.05 (14.05) 33.09 (12.39) 0.88

1Because of laws surrounding the ownership and management of national parks and research stations, both are considered protected areas.

*Significant values are bolded.

All values are mean and standard deviation or frequency and percent.