Table 5. Vector competence (VC) parameters of species investigated as possible vectors of Zika virus.
Infection Rate (IR, [#inf./#tested]) is defined as the percentage of mosquitoes contain virus in bodies or midguts (number positive/number tested). Terminology used for dissemination and transmission are expressed as cumulative (C) or stepwise (S) rates depending on the experimental design. For dissemination, we use cumulative dissemination rate (CDR, [#dissem./#tested]) or stepwise dissemination rate (SDR, [#dissem./#inf]), defined as the percentage of mosquitoes containing virus in head, legs+wings, or salivary glands/ovaries (number positive/number of engorged mosquitos tested for infection [CDR] or number positive /number of infected mosquitoes [SDR]). For transmission, we use cumulative transmission rate (CTR, [#transm./#tested]) or stepwise transmission rate (STR, [#transm./#dissem.]), defined as the number of mosquitos with virus in saliva or transmitting ZIKV to a mouse (number positive/number of engorged mosquitoes tested [CTR] or number positive/number disseminated infections [STR]). NT = not tested. Raw data presented in S1 Data.
| Type | Species | IR | SDR | CDR | STR | CTR |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Forest Africa |
Ae. unilineatus (5 ZIKV strains) [38] Ae. vittatus (5 ZIKV strains) [38] Ae. luteocephalus (5 ZIKV strains) [38] |
19% 14% 75% |
5% 27% 42% |
1% 4% 32% |
0% 20% 50% |
0% 1% ~17%a |
| Forest South America |
Ae. terrens (21 dpi) [64] Ae. scapularis [64] Sa. identicus [64] Sa. albiriprivus (2 strains) [64] Hg. leucocelaenus (7,14,21 dpi) [64] Sa. cyaneus (21 dpi) [60] |
0% 2% 0% 1% 27% 1% |
0% 0% 0% 0% 11% 100% |
0% 0% 0% 0% 3% 1% |
0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 100% |
0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 1% |
| Local Polynesia |
Ae. polynesiensis (2 studies) [45,57] Ae. henselli (4.9-5.9 log10 PFU/ml) [37] |
36;87% 69% |
50;45% 69% |
18;39% 13% |
0;3% NT |
0;1%b NT |
| Puerto Rico | Ae. mediovittatus (4-7 log10PFU/ml) [77] | 29%c | 2% | 1%c | NT | NT |
| Australia |
Ae. camptorhynchus [48] Ae. notoscriptus (2 studies) [43] [48] Ae. vigilax [43] Ae. procax [43] |
28% 57% 34% 57% 33% |
14% 21% 3% 47% 50% |
NTd 12% 1% 27% 17% |
14% 0% 50% 0% 0% |
<1%d 0% <1%d 0% 0% |
| China | Armigeres subalbatus (10 dpi) [75] | 36% | 78% | 28%(SR) | 29% | 8%e |
| Local |
Refractory species Ae. cinereus [47], Ae. punctor [76], Ae. galloisi [76], Cx. annulirostris [43,48], Cx. sitiens [43], An. gambiae [58], An. stephensi [58] |
0% | 0% | 0% | 0% | 0% |
| Widespread Temperate |
Ae. vexans (3 studies) 105.8 PFU/ml, 25°C [47] 106.8-7.2 PFU/ml, 27°C [50] 105.3 PFU/ml, 28°C [56] Ae. triseriatus (2 studies) [39,71] Ae. taeniorhynchus (106.8 PFU/ml)g [51] Ae. caspius (3 studies) (PCR only) [62, 65] (Plaque assay) [67] Ae. detritus (2 studies) 107.2 PFU/ml, 14 dpi [62] 106 PFU/ml, 14-28 dpi, 19°C [70] 106 PFU/ml, 14-28 dpi, 21°C [70] 106 PFU/ml, 14-28 dpi, 24°C [70] 106 PFU/ml, 14-28 dpi, 28°C [70] 106 PFU/ml, 14 dpi, 31°C [70] Ae. japonicus (5 studies) [76] 106.5-7.7 PFU/ml, 24 °C [71] 107.2 TCID50/ml, 28 °C [68] 14,21 dpi, constant 27°C [73] 14,21 dpi, fluctuating 21-27°C [73] 14 dpi, 21°C [59] 14 dpi, 24°C [59] 14 dpi, 27°C [59] Cx. pipiens [40, 41,44,46,71] 18-27°C, 14,21 dpi [52] 104-7.1 PFU/ml, 28°C [53] 107 TCID50/ml, 28°C [69] Cx. molestus [69] 18 and 27°C, 14,21 dpi [52] Cx.. tarsalis [46,47] 14,21 dpi, 26°C [61] Cx. torrentium 14,21dpi 18°,27°C [52] |
13% 80% 28% 12;25% 0% 10;40% 0% 75% 14% 24% 17% 15% 15% 10% 20% 10% 87% 50% 10% 24% 67% 0% 16% 9% 47% 0% 24% 0% 12% 11% |
47% 20% 11% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% NT NT NT NT NT NT 47% 83% 22% 48% NT NT NT 0% NT 0% NT 0% NT 0% 38% NT |
6% 16% 3% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% NT NT NT NT NT NT 9% 8% 19% 24% 0% ~26% ~13% 0% NT 0% NT 0% NT 0% 5% NT |
NT 29% 5%f 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% NT NT NT NT NT NT 29% 40% 57% 41% 0% 0% 14% 0% 0% 0% NT 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% |
NT 5% 1%f 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 3% 9% 10% 13% 15% NT 3% 3% 11% 10% 0% 0% 10% 0% 0% 0% 3% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% |
| Widespread Temperate |
Refractory species Ae. euedes [47], Ae. fitchii [47], Ae. strictus [47], Cx. restuans [47,71], Coquillettidia perturbans [47] |
0% | 0% | 0% | 0% | 0% |
| Worldwide | Cx. quinquefasciatus | 0-2%h | 0%h | 0%h | 0%h | 0%h |
aTR was reported as 50% representing denominator of 19, but text states that 27 saliva specimens were tested.
bAt 21 dpi CTR = 3%.
cEstimated IR from a logistical model at 4 titers (18%). The range for IR at lower titers was 0–75% increasing with dose. Dissemination was observed only at the highest titers between 4–5%.
dDissemination measured as dissected positive carcasses including ovaries and exoskeleton over number mosquitoes exposed and transmission had distinct denominator from IR, dissemination, and transmission experiments. It is impossible to extract the number exposed and denominators are higher for dissemination and transmission experiments. Because denominators are independent, we present as SDR and STR.
e90% of neonatal mice that were fed on by infected mosquitoes had ZIKV RNA detected in their brains.
f34% transmission rate after IT inoculation, used to estimate TR/TE.
gInfected from Ifnar-/- mice with at 4.7 log10 and 6.8 log10 PFU/ml, only infected at higher titer.
h18/22 studies