Table 3. The relationship between lifestyle variables and smoking status (non-smoking).
| Variables | N | Non-smoker | (%) | p for chi-square |
Odds Ratio | 95%CI |
| 1. Personal characters | ||||||
| Sex | ||||||
| Male | 4,004 | 2,267 | 56.6 | 1.00 | ||
| Female | 186 | 169 | 90.9 | p= 0.001 | 7.62 | 4.61 - 12.59 |
| Age | ||||||
| -50 years | 1,181 | 682 | 57.7 | 1.00 | ||
| 50-59 years | 1,515 | 824 | 54.4 | 0.87 | 0.75 - 1.02 | |
| 60+ years | 1,494 | 930 | 62.2 | p= 0.009 | 1.21 | 1.03 - 1.41 |
| Body Mass Index | ||||||
| Under 22 | 1,480 | 820 | 55.4 | 1.00 | ||
| 22 and over | 2,710 | 1,616 | 59.6 | p= 0.008 | 1.19 | 1.05 - 1.35 |
| 2. Physical conditions | ||||||
| Subjective condition of health | ||||||
| Not good | 1,037 | 626 | 60.4 | 1.00 | ||
| Good | 3,153 | 1,810 | 57.4 | p= 0.094 | 0.89 | 0.77 - 1.02 |
| Heart disease | ||||||
| No | 3,997 | 2,300 | 57.5 | 0.57 | 0.41 - 0.78 | |
| Yes | 193 | 136 | 70.5 | p= 0.001 | 1.00 | |
| Peptic ulcer | ||||||
| No | 4,114 | 2,408 | 58.5 | 2.42 | 1.51 - 3.87 | |
| Yes | 76 | 28 | 36.8 | p= 0.001 | 1.00 | |
| Health check-ups | ||||||
| No | 1,727 | 947 | 54.8 | 1.00 | ||
| Yes | 2,463 | 1,489 | 60.5 | p= 0.001 | 1.26 | 1.11 - 1.43 |
| Customary medication | ||||||
| No | 2,110 | 1,202 | 57.0 | 1.10 | 0.98 - 1.25 | |
| Yes | 2,080 | 1,234 | 59.3 | p= 0.122 | 1.00 | |
| 3. Conditions of work | ||||||
| Owner or employed | ||||||
| Employed | 1,036 | 630 | 60.8 | 1.00 | ||
| Owner | 3,154 | 1,806 | 57.3 | p= 0.045 | 0.86 | 0.75 - 1.00 |
| Specialty of medical practice | ||||||
| Surgery | 1,547 | 894 | 57.8 | 1.00 | ||
| Internal medicine | 2,643 | 1,542 | 58.3 | p= 0.726 | 1.02 | 0.90 - 1.16 |
| Number of working days | ||||||
| Below 5 | 636 | 403 | 63.4 | 1.29 | 1.09 - 1.54 | |
| 6 and over | 3,554 | 2,033 | 57.2 | p= 0.004 | 1.00 | |
| Number of patients | ||||||
| Less than 40 | 1,612 | 966 | 59.9 | 1.13 | 0.99 - 1.28 | |
| 40 and over | 2,578 | 1,470 | 57.0 | p= 0.064 | 1.00 | |
| Hours of consulting | ||||||
| Less than 8 | 2,824 | 1,656 | 58.6 | 1.07 | 0.94 - 1.21 | |
| 8 and over | 1,366 | 780 | 57.1 | p= 0.344 | 1.00 | |
| 4. Recreation | ||||||
| Bedtime | ||||||
| Before 12 | 3,040 | 1,887 | 62.1 | 1.79 | 1.56 - 2.06 | |
| After 12 | 1,150 | 549 | 47.7 | p= 0.001 | 1.00 | |
| Dulation of sleep | ||||||
| -6 or 8+ | 1,028 | 623 | 60.6 | 1.00 | ||
| 6 to 8 | 3,162 | 1,813 | 57.3 | p= 0.065 | 0.87 | 0.76 - 1.01 |
| Physical fatigue | ||||||
| Aware | 3,275 | 1,853 | 56.6 | 1.00 | ||
| Unaware | 915 | 583 | 63.7 | p= 0.001 | 1.35 | 1.16 - 1.57 |
| Mental stress | ||||||
| Aware | 2,919 | 1,643 | 56.3 | 1.00 | ||
| Unaware | 1,271 | 793 | 62.4 | p= 0.001 | 1.29 | 1.13 - 1.48 |
| 5. Exercise | ||||||
| Current habit of exercise | ||||||
| No | 2,094 | 1,144 | 54.6 | 1.00 | ||
| Yes | 2,096 | 1,292 | 61.6 | p= 0.001 | 1.33 | 1.18 - 1.51 |
| 6. Food intake | ||||||
| Miso soup (Misoshiru) | ||||||
| Less than daily | 2,280 | 1,355 | 59.4 | 1.00 | ||
| Daily | 1,910 | 1,081 | 56.6 | p= 0.064 | 0.89 | 0.79 - 1.01 |
| Japanese pickles (Tsukemono) | ||||||
| Less than daily | 2,005 | 1,224 | 61.0 | 1.00 | ||
| Daily | 2,185 | 1,212 | 55.5 | p= 0.001 | 0.80 | 0.70 - 0.90 |
| Bread | ||||||
| Less than daily | 2,645 | 1,495 | 56.5 | 1.00 | ||
| Daily | 1,545 | 941 | 60.9 | p= 0.006 | 1.20 | 1.06 - 1.36 |
| Milk | ||||||
| Less than daily | 2,533 | 1,428 | 56.4 | 1.00 | ||
| Daily | 1,657 | 1,008 | 60.8 | p= 0.004 | 1.20 | 1.06 - 1.36 |
| Fresh vegetables | ||||||
| Less than daily | 1,543 | 790 | 51.2 | 1.00 | ||
| Daily | 2,647 | 1,646 | 62.2 | p= 0.001 | 1.57 | 1.38 - 1.78 |
| Yellow and green vegetables | ||||||
| Less than daily | 2,530 | 1,371 | 54.2 | 1.00 | ||
| Daily | 1,660 | 1,065 | 64.2 | p= 0.001 | 1.51 | 1.33 - 1.72 |
| Fruit | ||||||
| Less than daily | 2,083 | 1,099 | 52.8 | 1.00 | ||
| Daily | 2,107 | 1,337 | 63.5 | p= 0.001 | 1.56 | 1.37 - 1.76 |
| 7. Beverage | ||||||
| Coffee | ||||||
| Less than daily | 3,036 | 1,902 | 62.6 | 1.00 | ||
| Daily | 1,154 | 534 | 46.3 | p= 0.001 | 0.51 | 0.45 - 0.59 |
| Green tea | ||||||
| Less than daily | 645 | 426 | 66.0 | 1.00 | ||
| Daily | 3,545 | 2,010 | 56.7 | p= 0.001 | 0.67 | 0.57 - 0.80 |
| Alcohol - frequency | ||||||
| Less than daily | 2,245 | 1,410 | 62.8 | 1.00 | ||
| Daily | 1,945 | 1,026 | 52.8 | p= 0.001 | 0.66 | 0.58 - 0.75 |
| Alcohol - amount per day | ||||||
| Under 1 go | 2,433 | 1,540 | 63.3 | 1.00 | ||
| 1 go and over | 1,757 | 896 | 51.0 | p= 0.001 | 0.60 | 0.53 - 0.68 |
p for chi-square was based on Mantel-Haenszel chi-square test.
Odds ratio and 95% CI were based on univariate unconditional logistic regression analysis.