Table 2. Potential confounding factors (age-adjusted) according to coffee and green tea consumption categories by sex.
| Coffee (cups/day) | Green tea (cups/day) | |||||||||||||
|
|
|
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| <0.5 | 0.5-1 | >=2 | Trend P* | <0.5 | 0.5-3 | >=4 | Trend P* | |||||||
| Men | N=498 | N=423 | N=483 | N=508 | N=529 | N=367 | ||||||||
| Migration# (%) | 3.6 | 4.4 | 6.7 | 0.075 | 5.0 | 3.8 | 5.1 | 0.83 | ||||||
| Age(yr):M(SD) | 61.5 | 59.1 | 54.6 | 0.0001 | 56.7 | 57.7 | 61.7 | 0.0001 | ||||||
| Education$ (yr):M(SE) | 16.4 | (9.1) | 16.5 | (9.4) | 16.8 | (9.2) | 0.022 | 16.3 | (10.1) | 16.7 | (9.3) | 16.8 | (9.0) | 0.025 |
| Currently smokes(%) | 43.3 | (1.0) | 43.3 | (1.0) | 58.9 | (1.0) | 0.0001 | 47.1 | (1.0) | 48.8 | (1.0) | 50.4 | (1.0) | 0.64 |
| Smoked in the past(%) | 30.6 | 28.5 | 24.8 | 0.021 | 26.8 | 26.9 | 29.1 | 0.27 | ||||||
| Currently drinks(%) | 75.5 | 73.8 | 67.0 | 0.13 | 73.4 | 75.8 | 69.1 | 0.069 | ||||||
| Drank in the past(%) | 10.4 | 8.1 | 12.9 | 0.67 | 9.2 | 9.4 | 12.0 | 0.096 | ||||||
| Physical inactivity(%) | 32.0 | 33.7 | 36.3 | 0.063 | 35.4 | 33.3 | 31.6 | 0.78 | ||||||
| Histories of diseases | ||||||||||||||
| Apoplexy(%) | 2.4 | 1.9 | 0.7 | 0.23 | 2.8 | 2.2 | 1.2 | 0.31 | ||||||
| Hypertension(%) | 24.1 | 18.2 | 16.3 | 0.0014 | 18.8 | 18.7 | 22.5 | 0.41 | ||||||
| Myocardial infarction(%) | 2.3 | 1.7 | 3.8 | 0.73 | 1.5 | 1.8 | 3.5 | 0.10 | ||||||
| Renal disease(%) | 4.3 | 4.3 | 3.6 | 0.26 | 4.6 | 1.9 | 5.1 | 0.72 | ||||||
| Liver disease(%) | 9.0 | 7.2 | 5.0 | 0.007 | 7.6 | 7.1 | 5.5 | 0.56 | ||||||
| Gallstone/cholecystitis(%) | 6.3 | 4.2 | 4.4 | 0.070 | 5.4 | 3.3 | 6.4 | 0.52 | ||||||
| Diabetes mellitus(%) | 8.9 | 3.4 | 5.9 | 0.012 | 4.6 | 5.1 | 8.5 | 0.024 | ||||||
| Peptic ulcer(%) | 24.7 | 19.7 | 20.8 | 0.068 | 23.5 | 18.0 | 25.1 | 0.35 | ||||||
| Pulmonary tuberculosis(%) | 6.7 | 8.3 | 6.2 | 0.76 | 7.1 | 7.9 | 6.2 | 0.88 | ||||||
| Cancer(%) | 3.4 | 3.0 | 2.0 | 0.37 | 2.2 | 3.9 | 2.6 | 0.68 | ||||||
|
| ||||||||||||||
| Women | N=446 | N=492 | N=513 | N=607 | N=567 | N=277 | ||||||||
| Migration# (%) | 4.8 | 7.5 | 5.3 | 0.92 | 3.4 | 7.3 | 7.1 | 0.041 | ||||||
| Age(yr):M(SD) | 62.2 | 58.3 | 53.9 | 0.0001 | 56.8 | 58.0 | 60.5 | 0.0001 | ||||||
| Education$ (yr):M(SE) | 15.9 | 15.9 | 16.1 | 0.072 | 15.9 | 16.1 | 16.0 | 0.48 | ||||||
| Currently smokes(%) | 1.5 | (9.8) | 1.1 | (9.8) | 6.3 | (8.7) | 0.0002 | 2.8 | (9.9) | 1.7 | (10.1) | 4.6 | (9.8) | 0.14 |
| Smoked in the past(%) | 1.7 | (1.0) | 1.3 | (1.0) | 1.3 | (1.0) | 0.92 | 0.8 | (1.0) | 1.6 | (1.0) | 2.7 | (1.0) | 0.045 |
| Currently drinks(%) | 19.9 | 23.0 | 27.7 | 0.001 | 21.9 | 24.3 | 26.6 | 0.031 | ||||||
| Drank in the past(%) | 2.3 | 1.6 | 2.7 | 0.98 | 1.9 | 2.1 | 2.8 | 0.36 | ||||||
| Physical inactivity(%) | 28.8 | 31.5 | 32.0 | 0.23 | 33.0 | 32.2 | 28.7 | 0.78 | ||||||
| Histories of diseases | ||||||||||||||
| Apoplexy(%) | 1.8 | 0.8 | 1.2 | 0.24 | 1.1 | 1.1 | 2.2 | 0.19 | ||||||
| Hypertension(%) | 22.8 | 20.0 | 18.4 | 0.027 | 19.1 | 21.1 | 21.3 | 0.32 | ||||||
| Myocardial infarction(%) | 2.9 | 0.9 | 0.4 | 0.061 | 1.6 | 1.0 | 2.2 | 0.40 | ||||||
| Renal disease(%) | 5.6 | 2.7 | 4.5 | 0.68 | 4.0 | 4.2 | 5.1 | 0.55 | ||||||
| Liver disease(%) | 6.4 | 4.2 | 3.0 | 0.13 | 4.0 | 5.5 | 6.0 | 0.17 | ||||||
| Gallstone/cholecystitis(%) | 5.8 | 3.4 | 4.0 | 0.096 | 4.0 | 3.8 | 7.2 | 0.095 | ||||||
| Diabetes mellitus(%) | 3.9 | 2.3 | 1.9 | 0.067 | 3.9 | 2.6 | 1.6 | 0.058 | ||||||
| Peptic ulcer(%) | 12.0 | 7.9 | 9.6 | 0.34 | 8.5 | 9.0 | 12.7 | 0.038 | ||||||
| Pulmonary tuberculosis(%) | 4.2 | 4.0 | 2.8 | 0.47 | 2.6 | 4.8 | 4.9 | 0.045 | ||||||
| Cancer(%) | 1.7 | 2.3 | 2.2 | 0.85 | 2.2 | 1.9 | 2.2 | 0.67 | ||||||
* Tested using simple and multiple regression analysis for variables of age and age-adjusted values of educational status, respectively; and using logistic regression analysis for age-adjusted proportions.
# Moving away from the study community during the follow-up.
$ Age at final graduation. Tested after log-transformation.