Table 2.

Prevalence of risk factors for non-communicable diseases (NCDs) among adults in Sao Tome and Principe 2008 and 2019.

NCD risk factors	2008	2019	p-value
	N (% 95 CI)	N (% 95 CI)
All	2,457	1893
Fruit/vegetable intake (<5 servings/day)	1936 (83.1, 81.5–84.7)	928 (53.3, 46.2–60.2)	<0.001
Low physical activity	427 (17.4, 15.4–19.5)	539 (30.9, 26.2–36.0)	<0.001
Current tobacco use	205 (9.0, 8.0–10.1)	189 (8.8, 7.5–10.4)	0.860
Frequent alcohol use	781 (32.6, 30.1–35.3)	533 (24.8, 21.8–28.1)	<0.001
General overweight/obesity	929 (37.3, 32.1–42.8)	891 (51.0, 48.3–53.8)	<0.001
Hypertension	825 (35.0, 31.8–38.4)	618 (33.5, 30.7–36.3)	0.465
Diabetes	76 (3.1, 2.4–3.9)	21 (1.2, 0.8–2.0)	<0.001
3–7 NCD risk factors	753 (36.3, 31.4–41.5)	452 (31.7, 27.8–35.9)	0.157
Male	1,050	754
Fruit/vegetable intake (<5 servings/day)	819 (83.3, 81.6–84.8)	370 (52.5, 44.3–60.5)	<0.001
Low physical activity	100 (10.0, 6.6–15.0)	167 (24.0, 19.4–29.3)	<0.001
Current tobacco use	144 (14.0, 12.5–15.9)	131 (18.0, 15.2–21.3)	0.024
Frequent alcohol use	449 (42.6, 38.7–46.7)	264 (32.2, 28.0–36.8)	<0.001
General overweight/obesity	317 (30.6, 24.8–37.0)	281 (35.4, 31.3–39.8)	0.209
Hypertension	354 (36.1, 32.6–39.8)	226 (31.4, 27.0–36.2)	0.121
Diabetes	25 (2.5, 2.0–3.1)	10 (1.5, 0.7–3.4)	0.252
3–7 NCD risk factors	330 (36.6, 29.8–43.9)	161 (26.8, 21.9–32.2)	0.026
Female	1,407	1,139
Fruit/vegetable intake (<5 servings/day)	1,117 (83.0, 80.7–85.0)	558 (53.6, 46.2–60.9)	<0.001
Low physical activity	327 (23.9, 22.5–25.2)	372 (33.9, 28.6–39.5)	<0.001
Current tobacco use	61 (4.4, 3.0–6.4)	58 (4.9, 3.5–6.8)	0.721
Frequent alcohol use	232 (23.6, 21.0–26.4)	269 (21.6, 18.2–25.4)	0.342
General overweight/obesity	612 (43.3, 38.4–48.4)	610 (58.1, 54.4–61.6)	<0.001
Hypertension	471 (34.1, 30.1–38.2)	392 (34.3, 30.9–37.9)	0.922
Diabetes	51 (3.6, 2.7–4.8)	11 (1.1, 0.6–2.1)	<0.001
3–7 NCD risk factors	465 (36.1, 32.6–39.6)	291 (33.7, 29.0–38.8)	0.445

CI, confidence interval.