Extended Data Fig. 3. Faecal carbohydrate metabolites are associated with IR-related pathologies.
a, The faecal xylose, glucose, and arabinose were compared between individuals with normal weight, overweight, and obesity in the TwinsUK cohort (n = 786). b, The associations between faecal carbohydrates observed in at least 50% samples and HOMA-IR in the TwinsUK cohort (n = 550). The size and colour of the disks represent the estimate and the direction of the associations. Metabolites with Padj < 0.05 are depicted (n = 550). c, The associations between faecal glucose and arabinose and HOMA-IR as analysed in Fig. b. The lines and grey zones show the fitted linear regression lines with 95% confidence intervals. The estimates of metabolites and their P values are described. d, The association between faecal fructose/glucose/galactose and BMI in non-IBD individuals aged > 10 years old in the HMP2 cohort (n = 16). The data were analysed with a generalized linear mixed-effect model with consent age and sex as fixed effects, and the sample collection site as a random effect. The line and grey zone show the fitted linear regression lines with a 95% confidence interval. The estimate and P value are described. The first faecal sampling for metabolomics was used to avoid redundancy. Density plots indicate median and distribution. *P < 0.05, **P < 0.01; rank-based linear regression adjusted by age, sex, and zygosity (a) and generalized linear mixed-effect models with age, sex, zygosity, and BMI as fixed effects, and sample collection year as a random effect (b). The detailed statistics are reported in Supplementary Table 9.