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. 2023 Aug 2;475(10):1133–1147. doi: 10.1007/s00424-023-02845-5

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© The Author(s) 2023

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Fig. 2 — The intrastriatal network. The striatum plays an essential role within the movement loop and relays the glutamatergic cortical input. The striatal output to GPi (direct pathway) and the GPe (indirect pathway) is mediated through GABAergic projection neurons (medium spiny neurons, MSN), in which D1 or D2 receptors predominate, respectively. This striatal inhibitory output is modulated e.g. by GABAergic (PV⁺; parvalbumin-positive, purple) and cholinergic (CSI, green) interneurons as well as dopaminergic input (blue) from the substantia nigra pars compacta (SNc), glutamatergic thalamic, and cortical inputs. The small dots on the neurons and connections represent the appropriate dopaminergic, glutamatergic, and GABAergic synapses (figure created with BioRender.com)