Table 3. Multivariate Cox regression analysis for angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor/angiotensin receptor blocker usage and acute kidney injury during hospitalization (n = 952).
| Univariable | Multivariable* | |||
| Crude HR (95% CI) | p | Adjusted HR (95% CI) | p | |
| ACEi/ARB users (vs. non-users) | 1.13 (0.97-1.32) | 0.126 | 1.17 (1.00-1.36) | 0.053 |
| Age | 1.00 (1.00-1.00) | 0.310 | ||
| Gender | 0.93 (0.80-1.10) | 0.403 | ||
| BMI | 1.01 (0.99-1.03) | 0.352 | ||
| Hypertension | 0.92 (0.76-1.10) | 0.365 | ||
| Diabetes | 1.11 (0.96-1.30) | 0.171 | ||
| Heart failure | 1.24 (1.02-1.52) | 0.033 | 1.30 (1.04-1.62) | 0.022 |
| Cirrhosis | 1.52 (1.08-2.13) | 0.017 | 1.23 (0.87-1.74) | 0.249 |
| Malignancy | 1.10 (0.93-1.30) | 0.276 | ||
| Diuretic usage | 1.22 (1.02-1.46) | 0.026 | 1.11 (0.92-1.34) | 0.266 |
| Nephrotoxins exposure | 1.37 (1.06-1.76) | 0.014 | 1.16 (0.90-1.50) | 0.266 |
| Etiologies of ICU admission | ||||
| Acute respiratory failure | 1.45 (1.23-1.70) | < 0.001 | 1.56 (1.20-2.02) | 0.001 |
| Hemodynamic instability | 1.61 (1.35-1.92) | < 0.001 | 1.41 (1.08-1.85) | 0.012 |
| Major surgery | 0.57 (0.47-0.68) | < 0.001 | 0.93 (0.71-1.20) | 0.563 |
| Acute heart failure | 1.05 (0.85-1.28) | 0.674 | ||
| Massive bleeding | 1.45 (1.16-1.80) | 0.001 | 1.02 (0.79-1.30) | 0.906 |
| Sepsis | 1.56 (1.34-1.82) | < 0.001 | 1.18 (0.95-1.46) | 0.134 |
| Pneumonia | 1.34 (1.14-1.57) | < 0.001 | 0.83 (0.66-1.03) | 0.093 |
| Bloodstream infection | 1.47 (1.17-1.86) | 0.001 | 1.11 (0.86-1.43) | 0.438 |
| Intra-abdominal infection | 1.26 (0.99-1.59) | 0.057 | ||
| Disease severity & lab data | ||||
| APACHE II scores | 1.04 (1.03-1.05) | < 0.001 | 1.02 (1.01-1.03) | 0.001 |
| MAP, mmHg | 0.98 (0.98-0.99) | < 0.001 | 1.00 (0.99-1.00) | 0.126 |
| Inotrope/vasopressor usage | 1.89 (1.61-2.22) | < 0.001 | 1.28 (1.05-1.56) | 0.016 |
| Hemoglobin, mg/dL | 0.90 (0.87-0.94) | < 0.001 | 0.97 (0.92-1.01) | 0.113 |
| Baseline eGFR, ml/min/1.73 m2 | 1.00 (1.00-1.00) | 0.862 | 1.00 (1.00-1.01) | 0.035 |
* Adjusted for ACEi/ARB usage, baseline eGFR, and variables with p < 0.05 in the univariate analysis.
ACEi, angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor; APACHE, Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation; ARB, angiotensin receptor blocker; BMI, body mass index; CI, confidence interval; eGFR, estimated glomerular filtration rate; HR, hazard ratio; ICU, intensive care unit; MAP, mean arterial pressure.