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. 2023 Sep 13;13:15140. doi: 10.1038/s41598-023-41918-4

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© The Author(s) 2023

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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The dynamic light scattering of the GNPs: (a) The curve demonstrates a peak of size distribution by volume representing citrate-GNPs with an average hydrodynamic diameter of 17 nm and PDI of 0.4. (b) Curve demonstrates a peak of size distribution by volume representing PVP-GNPs with an average hydrodynamic diameter of 21nm and PDI of 0.25. (c) Curve demonstrates a peak of size distribution by volume of citrate-GNPs biosensor showing slight increase in average hydrodynamic diameter of 24 nm due to the conjugation with PDI of 0.3. (d) Curve demonstrates a peak of size distribution by volume of PVP-GNPs biosensor showing slight increase in average hydrodynamic diameter of 24 nm due to the conjugation with PDI of 0.2.