Fig. 7.

Applications of the biofabrication of ECM-like substrates for organ and cancer models: (a) High magnification micrographs show the healthy morphology of single neurons grown on the different substrates including poly-ornithine, PEDOT:PSS 1% ethylene glycol (EG) and PEDOT:PSS 3% EG Ref. [252]; (b) Fluorescence images showing fluorescein-HA (green) on the HA-binding peptide (HS-Pep-1) printed areas [253]; (c) Schematic of (c1) the one-step bioprinting method of the liver-on-a-chip model and (c2) a side view of the live-on-a-chip model [254]; (d) Illustration of 3D-bioprinted hybrid implant made of CNT-incorporated alginate and photo-cross-linked cell-laden hydrogel at 5 μg CNT/mg hydrogel [255]; (e) Schematics of vascular channel created using gelatin as sacrificial ink; fluorescence image of the printed vascular channel, with HUVECs (in red) and beads flow (in green) [199]; (f) Micro-CT scanning demonstrating a merged 3-D image of reconstructed open lumen construct in a thick collagen scaffold [207]; (g) Schematics of the embedded 3D printing strategy to produce the electro-mimetic bone matrices and the biomimetic cochleae (g1 and g2) [256]; (h) Scanning electron microscopy imaging of bioinks (comprised of hyaluronic acid, sodium alginate and gelatin), as well as Hematoxylin–eosin staining of Human glial cells within such bioinks [257]. (a) Reproduced from Ref. [252] with permission of Frontiers Media S.A., ©2015; (b) Reproduced from Ref. [253] with permission of Royal Society of Chemistry, ©2019; (c) Reproduced from Ref. [254] with permission of Royal Society of Chemistry, ©2016; (e) Reproduced from Ref. [199] with permission of Springer Nature, ©2012; (f) Reproduced from Ref. [207] with permission of Elsevier, ©2012 (g) Reproduced from Ref. [256] with permission of Springer Nature, ©2021; (h) Reproduced from Ref. [257] with permission of Springer Singapore, ©2020.