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. 2023 Aug 31;14:1231938. doi: 10.3389/fmicb.2023.1231938

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Copyright © 2023 Bhat, Mir, Qadri, Dhiman, Almilaibary, Alkhanani and Mir.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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Schematic representation of HGT mechanisms in bacteria and the general structure of an integron and gene cassette. (1) HGT mechanism (conjugation, transduction and transformation) in bacteria. (2) The genetic organization of the class 1 integron DNA sequence includes the integrase gene (IntI) and one cassette gene. While the cassette array is expressed from the PC promoter, the integrase is expressed from the Pint promoter. (3) The orientation of insertion of the following genomic cassettes (C2, C3) into the integron structure. It is believed that as a gene is moved further away from the PC promoter, its expression level within the cassettes will decrease (Racewicz et al., 2020).