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. 2023 Aug 31;14:1225513. doi: 10.3389/fmicb.2023.1225513

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Copyright © 2023 Xiao, Li and Yang.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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MVs in immunomodulation. (A) CD80, CD86, HLA-DR, ICAM1, CCLD2, CCL3, CCL5, CXCL8, IL-1β, IL-6, IL-10, IL-12p40, IL-12p70 and TNF expression were increased, and CD14 expression and lipopolysaccharide-mediated responses were decreased. (B) CCL2, IFNγ, IL-12p40, IL-12p70, IL-16, and TNF levels were elevated, while phagocytic and chemotactic activities were reduced. (C) CCL3, CCL4, CXCL8, IL-1β, NETs and TNF were elevated, phagocytic and chemotactic activities were decreased. BioRender.com was used to create this.