TABLE 2.
Application of advanced breeding techniques in crop improvement.
| Crops | Traits improved | Target genes | Remarks | References |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| QTL Mapping/Marker assisted selection | ||||
| Rice | Blast resistance | Pi9, Pi2 | Blast resistance is imparted by the hybrid of Hui 316 (restorer line) and Pi9, Pi2, respectively | Tian et al. (2019) |
| Wheat | Drought tolerance | QTL found on chromosome 2A | QTLs for cell membrane stability, water content, and photosynthesis | Malik and Malik (2015) |
| Maize | Earliness and yield | QTL | Chromosomes 5, 8, and 10 have QTLs | Bouchez et al. (2002) |
| European corn borer and Mediterranean corn borer | 42 SIR MQTL | The two chromosomes with the highest SIR MQTL are 2 and 5. Fibre and hydroxycinnamate are cross-linked to prevent mechanical harm from insects | Badji et al. (2018) | |
| Maize rough dwarf disease (MRDD) | QTL qMrdd | QMrdd8 from X178 is introduced into top germplasm using a conventional technique and MAS. | Xu et al. (2020) | |
| Association Mapping | ||||
| Wheat | Karnal bunt resistance | 13,098 SNPs | Population size of 339 | Gupta et al. (2019b) |
| Brassica | Improving yield | 74 significant QTNs detected | important loci associated with seed per silique and thousand-seed weight across the chromosomes of rapeseed by QTL and GWAS studies | Khan et al. (2019) |
| Rice | Abiotic stress | NAC42 acts as a transcription factor that regulates the expression of the nitrate transporter gene | NUE-related agronomic traits | Tang et al. (2019) |
| Maize | Abiotic stress | Identified candidate genes associated with phosphorus deficiency tolerance | Metabolites under low Pi | Luo et al. (2019a) |
| TILLING Approach | ||||
| Wheat | Powdery mildew resistance | TaMlo | Partial loss-of-function | Acevedo-Garcia et al. (2017) |
| Wheat (Triticum turgidum) | Increased in amount of amylose | SBEIIa | The amalgamation of two non-sense mutations leads in a high amylose phenotype | Sestili et al. (2015) |
| Rice | Salt tolerance | OsAKT1, OsHKT6, OsNSCC2, OsHAK11 and OsSOS1 | Variation in membrane transport genes (expression levels and protein structures) | Hwang et al. (2016) |
| Barley | Changed starch phenotype | MY1, GBSSI, LDA, SSI and SSIIa | 29 novel alleles were discovered in five genes linked to starch metabolism that are active in the endosperm during grain filling | Sparla et al. (2014) |
| Groundnut | Drought tolerance | PLD | Phospholipase D expression increase | Guo et al. (2015) |
| Accelerated Plant Breeding Approach (Speed breeding) | ||||
| Rice | Achieved 4–5 generations in a year (Salt tolerance) | Speed Breeding | Rana et al. (2019) | |
| Collard et al. (2017) | ||||
| Wheat | Achieved 4–6 generations in a year | Mukade (1974) | ||
| Watson et al. (2018) | ||||
| Oat | Achieved 7 generations in a year | Liu et al. (2016) | ||
| Chickpea | Achieved 4–6 generations in a year | O’connor et al. (2013) | ||
| Brassica napus | Achieved 5 generations in a year | Watson et al. (2018) | ||