TABLE 3.
Application of genome editing in crop improvement.
| Target gene | Trait improved | Remarks | References |
|---|---|---|---|
| Rice | |||
| (Hpt) Hygromycin phosphotransferase | ZFNs | Cantos et al. (2014) | |
| Resistance to bacterial blight | TALENs | Li et al. (2012) | |
| Fragrant rice | Shan et al. (2015) | ||
| Resistance to disease & tolerant to abiotic stresses | CRISPR/CAS9 | Xie and Yang (2013) | |
| Increase resistance to blast | Liu et al. (2012) | ||
| Cold resistance resistant | Shen et al. (2017) | ||
| Tiller spreading | Miao et al. (2013) | ||
| Increase in grain number, grain size with thick erect panicles | Li et al. (2016a) | ||
| High amylose content | Sun et al. (2017) | ||
| Production of haploid plants | Yao et al. (2018) | ||
| Resistance to rice root-knot nematode | CRISPR/CAS9 | Huang et al. (2023) | |
| Reduce Cd accumulation | Chen et al. (2023) | ||
| Improving fragrance efficiency | Imran et al. (2023) | ||
| Agronomic traits and starch composition | Zheng et al. (2023) | ||
| Increase Photosynthesis | Caddell et al. (2023) | ||
| Broad-spectrum disease resistance | Liu et al. (2023) | ||
| Herbicide resistance | CRISPR/CAS9 | Sun et al. (2016) | |
| Endo et al. (2016) | |||
| Butt et al. (2017) | |||
| Li et al. (2016b) | |||
| Shimatani et al. (2017) | |||
| Nutritional quality improvement | CBEs | Li et al. (2017a) | |
| Enhance nitrogen use efficiency | Lu and Zhu (2017) | ||
| Regulate senescence and death | Zong et al. (2017) | ||
| Resistance to blast | Ren et al. (2018) | ||
| Defence response | Ren et al. (2018) | ||
| Pathogen-responsive gene | ABEs | Yan et al. (2018) | |
| Della protein for plant height | Hua et al. (2018) | ||
| Regulation of architecture of plant and grain yield | Hua et al. (2018) | ||
| Amylose synthesis | Hao et al. (2019) | ||
| Defence response | Hao et al. (2019) | ||
| Wheat | |||
| TaMLO | Powdery mildew disease resistance | Shan et al. (2014) | |
| TaDREB2 | Dehydration responsive element | Shan et al. (2014) | |
| TaERF3 | Ethylene responsive factor | Shan et al. (2014) | |
| TaGW2 | Negative regulator of grain traits | Wang et al. (2018b) | |
| EDR1 | Resistance to powdery mildew | Zhang et al. (2017) | |
| TaSPL13 | Improve multiple agronomic traits | Gupta et al. (2023) | |
| SPO11-1 | Fertility and synapsis | Hyde et al. (2023) | |
| Tamyb10 | Pre-harvest sprouting-resistant red wheat | Zhu et al. (2023) | |
| Ppd-1 | Spike architecture | Errum et al. (2023) | |
| Lipid metabolism | CBEs | Zong et al. (2017) | |
| Panicle length and grain weight | ABEs | Li et al. (2018b) | |
| Maize | |||
| ZmIPK1 | Responsible for herbicide tolerance and reduction of phytate content | ZFNs | Shukla et al. (2009) |
| ZmGL2 | Reduced epicuticular wax in leaves | Char et al. (2015) | |
| ZmMTL | Production of haploids | TALENs | Kelliher et al. (2017) |
| ARGOS8 | Expressed well under drought stress with increase in grain yield | Shi et al. (2017) | |
| ZmIPK1A, ZmIPK and ZmMRP4 | Phytic acid synthesis | Liang et al. (2014) | |
| PSY1 | Phytoene synthase | Zhu et al. (2016) | |
| Zmzb7 | Knockout of gene resulted in albino plant | Feng et al. (2016) | |
| ZmTMS5 | Thermosensitive genic male-sterile | Li et al. (2017b) | |
| Wx1 | High amylopectin content | Pioneer (2016) | |
| ALS | Herbicide resistance | Svitashev et al. (2015) | |
| ARGOS8 | Drought stress tolerance | Shi et al. (2017) | |
| ipdC | Promote maize growth | Figueredo et al. (2023) | |
| 36 genes potentially involved in leaf growth | 10% increase in leaf size | Impens et al. (2023) | |
| pipeline BREEDIT | Improve complex traits such as yield and drought tolerance | Lorenzo et al. (2023) | |
| First time multiplex gene editing | CRISPR/Cas9 (tRNA-RNAprocessing system) | Qi et al. (2016) | |
| Chromosomal segregation | CBEs | Zong et al. (2017) | |
| Tomato | |||
| Production of purple tomatoes | TALENs | Cermak et al. (2015) | |
| Powdery mildew resistance | CRISPR/Cas9 | Nekrasov et al. (2017) | |
| Bacterial speck resistance | Ortigosa et al. (2019) | ||
| Tomato domestication | Li et al. (2018c) | ||
| Earlier harvest time | Soyk et al. (2017) | ||
| Parthenocarpy | Klap et al. (2017) | ||
| Repression of fruit ripening | Ito et al. (2015) | ||
| Prevents tomato fruit ripening | Yang et al. (2017b) | ||
| Increase shelf life | Yu et al. (2017) | ||
| Leaf shape variations and seedless fruits | Ueta et al. (2017) | ||
| Drought tolerance | Wang et al. (2017) | ||
| PSY1, MYB12, and SGR1 | Fruit colour-related genes | Yang et al. (2023) | |
| SlATG5 | Resistance to Botrytis cinerea | Li et al. (2023) | |
| SlHyPRP1 | Multi-stress tolerance | Tran et al. (2023) | |
| SlDYT1 and SlGSTAA | Male Sterility | Zhou et al. (2023) | |
| Herbicide resistance | CBEs | Veillet et al. (2019) | |
| SlRIN | Tomato fruit ripening | ABEs | Niu et al. (2023) |
| Soyabean | |||
| High oleic acid contents | TALENs | Haun et al. (2014) | |
| High oleic & low linoleic contents | Demorest et al. (2016) | ||
| Herbicide resistance | CRISPR/Cas9 | Li et al. (2015) | |
| Disease resistance against Phytophthora sojae | Fang and Tyler (2016) | ||
| Flowering time | Cai et al. (2018) | ||
| Carotenoid biosynthesis | Du et al. (2016) | ||
| Potato | |||
| Minimizing reducing sugars | TALENs | Clasen et al. (2016) | |
| Herbicide resistance | CRISPR/Cas9 | Butler et al. (2016) | |
| High amylopectin content | Andersson et al. (2017) | ||
| Herbicide resistance | Veillet et al. (2019) | ||
| VInv | Quality of potato tubers | Sattar et al. (2023) | |
| VInv and AS1 | Reduced Browning | Ly et al. (2023) | |
| Sugarcane | |||
| Improved cell wall composition | TALENs | Jung and Altpeter (2016) | |
| Improved efficiency of saccharification | Kannan et al. (2018) | ||
| Arabidopsis | |||
| MIR169a | Drought tolerance | CRISPR/Cas9 | Zhao et al. (2016) |
| Turnip mosaic virus (TuMV) resistance | CRISPR/Cas9 | Pyott et al. (2016) | |
| Increased stomatal closure against abscisic acid | CRISPR/Cas9 | Osakabe et al. (2016) | |
| High-light acclimation and photomorphogenesis | CRISPR/Cas9 | Atanasov et al. (2023) | |