Table 4.
Survival outcomes, toxicity incidence and prognostic factors on patients of all included studies
| Study | Local recurrence | Metastasis | Local control | Overall survival | Toxicity | Prognostic factors been evaluated |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Mizoe 2009 [15] | Unclear | NR |
5-y (85.1%) 10-y (63.8%) |
5-y (87.7%) 10-y (67.0%) |
Acute: ≤ G2 Late: ≤ G2 (G2 = 3%) |
Age, Sex, KPS, Dose, GTV volume |
| Imai 2011 [16] | 6 (6.3%) | NR | 5-y (88.0%) | 5-y (86.0%) |
Acute: ≤ G3 (G3 = 3.2%) Late: ≤ G4 (G3 = 2.1%, G4 = 2.1%) |
NR |
| Imai 2016 [17] | 41 (21.8%) | 54 (28.7%) |
5-y (77.2%) 10-y (52.0%) |
5-y (81.1%) 10-y (66.8%) |
Acute: NR Late: ≤ G4 (G4 = 1.1%) |
Sex, Tumor volume (≤ 500 cc or > 500 cc), Level of proximal invasion (≥ S2 or < S2), Total irradiated dose (≤ 67.2GyE or > 67.2GyE) |
| Koto 2020 [18] | 11 (32.4%) | 3 (8.8%) |
5-y (76.9%) 9-y (69.2%) |
5-y (93.5%) 9-y (77.4%) |
Acute: ≤ G3 (G2 = 20.6%, G3 = 2.9%) Late: ≤ G5 (G3 = 2.9%, G4 = 5.9%, G5 = 2.9%) |
Sex, Age(> 52 or ≤ 52), Performance status(0/1/2), Tumor status (Naïve/Recurrence/Residua tumor)b, Eye symptom(yes or no), GTV volume (> 34.7 cc or ≤ 34.7 cc)a,b, D1cc (> 58.9GyE or ≤ 58.9GyE)b |
| Demizu 2021 [19] | 61 (27.9%) | 39 (17.8%) | 5-y (72.0%) | 5-y (84.0%) |
Acute: ≤ G4 (G3 = 3.2%, G4 = 0.5%) Late: ≤ G4 (G3 = 3.7%, G4 = 2.3%) |
Age (≥ 67 or < 67)b, c, Sex, Performance status, PTV volume (≥ 500 cc or < 500 cc)b |
| §Shiba 2021 [20] | 8 (15.1%) | 11 (20.8%) |
3-y (92.5%) 5-y (84.8%) |
3-y (91.3%) 5-y (91.3%) |
Acute: ≤ G2 Late: ≤ G3 |
Age, Sex, Chemotherapy, Performance status (0–1 or 2–3)c, Prior treatment, Distance of tumor-GI (≤ 3 mm or > 3 mm), Distance of tumor-GI (≤ 5 mm or > 5 mm), GTV volume (≤ 300 cc or > 300 cc)a, GTV D98 (≤ 64GyE or > 64GyE), GTV D95 (≤ 66GyE or > 66GyE), GTV V64 (≤ 98 or > 98), GTV V60 (≤ 98 or > 98), GTV V<64 (≤ 1cm3 or > 1cm3), GTV V<60 (≤ 1cm3 or > 1cm3)a |
| Aoki 2022 [21] | 7 (36.8%) | 5 (26.3%) |
2-y (94.7%) 5-y (75.2%) 10-y (46.4%) |
2-y (100%) 5-y (68.4%) 10-y (52.1%) |
Acute: ≤ G3 (G3 = 5.3%) Late: ≤ G3 (G3 = 10.5%) |
Age, Sex, KPS, Tumor status (initial or recurrent), GTV volume (> 40 cc or ≤ 40 cc)b, Spinal cord infiltration, Minimum dose of GTV |
| Evangelisti 2019 [22] | 2 (11.%) | 0 | 2-y (89.0%) | 2-y (100%) |
Acute: ≤ G1 (G1 = 27.8%) Late: ≤ G3 (G2 or G3 = 16.7%) |
NR |
| †Iannalfi 2020 [23] | 14 (21.5%) | 9 (13.8%) |
3-y (77.0%) 5-y (71.0%) |
3-y (90.0%) 5-y (82.0%) |
Acute: ≤ G2 Late: Unclear |
Sex, Age, Histology, Anatomic extension of the disease (upper/middle/lower clivus), GTV volume (≤ 23.1 cc or > 23.1 cc)a,b, Optic pathways and brainstem compressiona, Target coverage (D95% of CTV-HR and GTV) |
| Uhl 2014 [24] | 55 (35.5%) | 4 (2.6%) |
3-y (82.0%) 5-y (72.0%) 10-y (54.0%) |
3-y (95.0%) 5-y (85.0%) 10-y (75.0%) |
Acute: NR Late: Quantitative toxicity results |
PTV volume (< 100 ml or ≥ 100 ml)a, Total dose (≤ 51 GyE or > 51 GyE)a |
| †Mattke 2023 [25] | NR | NR |
1-y (96.1%) 3-y (80.4%) 5-y (64.5%) |
1-y (99.0%) 3-y (91.2%) 5-y (83.3%) |
Acute: ≤ G1 Late: ≤ G3 |
Age, Sex, Tumor status (primary or recurrent) |
Bold indicates statistically significant difference
NR no reported, KPS Karnofsky performance status, GTV gross target volume, PTV plan target volume, GI: gastrointestinal
†Only carbon ion data is included
§Only chordoma data is included
aFactor significantly correlated with local control (LC) (p ≤ 0.05)
bFactor significantly correlated with overall survival (OS) (p ≤ 0.05)
cFactor significantly correlated with progress-free survival (PFS) (p ≤ 0.05)