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. 2023 Jun 21;7(6):igad058. doi: 10.1093/geroni/igad058

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© The Author(s) 2023. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of The Gerontological Society of America.

This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted reuse, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

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Figure 1. — The association^a between education^b, household income (HI)^c, and resilience^d in the National Social Life, Heath, and Aging Project COVID-19 sample, aged 55 years and older (weighted). (A) Shows how educational attainment is associated with resilience. Attainment of a bachelor’s degree or higher was associated with higher resilience scores than those without a high school diploma. There were no statistically significant differences in resilience between those with a high school diploma, those with associate/vocational degrees, and those without a high school diploma. (B) Shows how HI is associated with resilience. Household incomes of $50,000–$99,999 and $100,000 or more were associated with higher resilience scores than HIs less than $25,000. (C) Shows how educational attainment and HI are associated with resilience. Higher HI was statistically significantly associated with higher resilience scores, even after controlling for educational attainment. However, the association between educational attainment and resilience score was not statistically significant after controlling for HI. ^aThe x-axis shows the unadjusted coefficients and 95% confidence intervals (CI) of resilience, which were estimated from a linear regression model with educational attainment as the independent variable (1A), HI as the independent variable (1B), and educational attainment and HI as independent variables (1C). ^bEducational attainment was categorized into four levels: non-high school (HS) graduates, HS graduates/GED, associate degree/vocational degree, and bachelors/graduate degree. ^cHousehold income was derived from unfolding brackets; responses such as “do not know/refused” were asked the specific income question “Would you say the income of your household was more or less than $50,000? Those responding less were asked, “Would you say the income of your household is more than $25,000 or less than $25,000?” and those responding more were, “Would you say the income of your household is more than $100,000 or less than $100,000?.” ^dResilience score was calculated from the 4-item trait resilience measure. Responses were summed to create a total resilience score ranging from 0 to 12, with higher scores representing greater resilience.