Figure 1. Reaction Tests.

(A) Patients with closed eyes reacted to a single light flash by button press while scalp EEG was recorded. Single flashes from a flickering light were manually triggered as soon as each IED was recognized. A yellow vertical bar indicates single flash appearance, IED onset and end are marked with vertical green lines, and duration is indicated by a horizontal green line. The trigger latency is the difference in time between the green horizontal bar indicating the onset of the IED and the yellow vertical bar indicating the appearance of the visual stimulus triggered by the experimentalist. Single flashes were triggered in random fashion during normal EEG (not shown). (B) Patients played a car-driving video game (car test) on a laptop. An obstacle (whitish cow on gray road, shown on the small monitor) appeared in the lane of a red car and the patient had to change lanes by pressing a button, otherwise the car crashed into the obstacle. Obstacles were triggered manually when an IED was detected and randomly during normal EEG. (C) Patients drove in a realistic driving simulator with an “empty highway at night” scenario projected in front of the driver. Red stop signs were triggered manually at random during normal EEG and by a real-time detection algorithm during IEDs. Patients responded by right foot brake. IED = interictal epileptiform discharge.