Table 1.

Drug release stimulation modalities and their characteristics.

Modalities	Advantages	Disadvantages	Relevant references
Temperature sensitive system	State-of-the-art stimulus-response system for rapid, quantitative drug release	High requirements for the safety and sensitivity of materials	[53], [54]
Ultrasound System	Noninvasive, penetrating	High stability requirements for magnetic microbubbles	[33], [55], [56]
Photosensitive system	Noninvasive and convenient	High penetration requirements; safety to be specified	[57], [58], [59], [60]
Electrical and magnetic field systems	Sensitive and controllable; can realize the potential of magnetic carriers	Difficult to apply alone; high technical requirements of the device	[61], [62]; [52], [54]
PH, redox, and enzyme response systems	Responsive to subtle environmental changes	Can only target specific sites; challenging to apply in complex environments	[63], [64]; [65], [66], [67], [68]; [69]