Table 2.

Detailed data from relevant animal experiments on MDT in CVD.

Complex	MNP size (nm)	Complex size	Magnetic field strength (T)	Concentration	Function	Main Results	Model	Ref.
Magnetic microrods loaded with t-PA	15 ± 3	Length 1.3 ± 0.2 μm, Diameter 0.5 ± 0.1 μm	0.24	1mg/kg	To enhance thrombolysis	Reduction in t-PA thrombolysis time by 2/3	dMCAO/mouse	[87]
MNP loaded with rt-PA	\	\	\	1mg/ml	To enhance thrombolysis	Dramatic increase in thrombolytic efficiency	dMCAO/mouse	[88]
PLGA-coated disc-shaped particles loaded with rt-PA and SPION	10.7	Pitch 973.8 nm, Diameter 2.67 μm	0.42	2mg/kg	To avoid hemorrhagic transformation	Durable thrombolysis and avoidance of HT	Laser-induced thrombosis/mouse	[89]
Platelet membrane mimetic magnetic nanocarriers loaded with L-arginine	27.94 ± 1.10	Diameter 200 nm	0.3	(1.41 ± 0.16)×108/ml	To improve blood flow	Rapid targeting and successful reestablishment of blood flow	Cold light source-induced focal cerebral ischemia/mouse	[90]
Magnetic extracellular nano-vesicles	12	Diameter 194.2 ± 44.5 nm	0.32	200μg in 300 μl of PBS	To repair infarcted tissue	Significant reduction in cerebral infarct volume	Transient MCAO/rat	[91]
Silica-coated MNP-labeled endothelial progenitor cells	60	\	0.39	1 × 106 in 100 μl of PBS	To enhance the targeting of EPCs	Enhanced aggregation of EPCs in the infarct border zone	LAD ligation/rat	[92]
Magnetic extracellular nano-vesicles	25	\	\	150μg per rat	To repair infarcted tissue	Improvement in heart function	LAD ligation/rat	[93]
MNP loaded with CD63 and MLC antibodies	200	\	1.3	10mg/kg	To capture circulating exosomes	Successful capture and aggregation of exosomes	LAD ligation/rat and rabbit	[6]
Peptide functionalized SPION loaded with melatonin	10	Diameter 221 ± 13nm	0.6	\	To improve cardiac hypertrophy	Prolonged melatonin half-life and increased utilization	TAC/rat	[94]
Fe3O4 nanoparticles loaded with OM	45	Diameter 45 nm	0.3	4mg per rat	To reduce side effects	118% cardiac efficacy achieved with 4% of previous dose	Heart failure/rat	[95]
SPION-labeled mesenchymal stem cell	40	\	0.3	2 × 106 in 0.5 ml of DMEM	To enhance tissue regeneration	Significant reduction in myocardial fibrosis	ISO subcutaneous injection/rat	[96]
PLGA-MNP loaded with CaCl2	213 ± 84	Diameter 213 ± 84nm	0.26	1mg/ml	To ablate the major atrial GP	Successful suppression of target GP function	RAP/dog	[97]

Abbreviations: MNP: magnetic nanoparticle; PLGA: poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid); SPION: superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticle; OM: omecamtive mecarbil; DMEM: Dulbecco’s modified Eagle’s medium; EPCs: endothelial progenitor cells; GP: ganglionated plexi; HT: hemorrhagic transformation; (d)MCAO (distal): middle cerebral artery occlusion, LAD: left anterior descending artery; TAC: transverse aortic constriction; ISO: isoproterenol; RAP: rapid atrial pacing.