Table 1.
Main characteristics of included studies on the passive smoking and risk of GDM
| Authors Year | City Country | Survey time | Language | Study | Sample size | GDM | OR 95 % CI | Adjustment factors | Score |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Na et al.13 2022 | Beijing China | 2017–2020 | English | Cohort study | 3083 | 562 | 1.37 (1.11–1.70) | Age, BMI, ethnicity, education level, profession, parity | 7 |
| Morales et al.14 2022 | Valencia Spain | 2/2017–4/2020 | English | Cohort study | 1262 | 106 | 1.66 (1.15–2.38) | Age, BMI | 6 |
| Gao et al.15 2020 | Tianjin China | 10/2010–8/2012 | English | Cohort study | 19331 | 1485 | 1.36 (1.12–1.65) | Age, BMI, family history of diabetes, parity, education level, pressure, number of pregnancies, weight gain during pregnancy, drinking | 7 |
| Carroll et al.16 2018 | Beijing China | 1/2012–6/2014 | English | Case-control | 276/276 | 276/274 | 1.52 (1.05–2.20) 1.71 (1.14–2.56) |
Education level, profession, drinking, physical activities, total sleep time, number of pregnancies, family history of diabetes | 7 |
| Yang and Zhou17 2018 | Linyi China | 11/2013–6/2017 | Chinese | Case-control | 1018 | 302 | 1.571 (1.207–1.985) | Age, progestational BMI, number of pregnancies, education level, family history of diabetes, sleeping hours, weight gain during pregnancy, physical activities | 7 |
| Shi et al.18 2021 | Huzhou China | 3/2019–10/2019 | Chinese | Case-control | 300 | 200 | 1.571 (1.199–2.06) | Age, progestational BMI, number of pregnancies, dietary habit, education level, family history of diabetes, sleeping hours, weight gain during pregnancy, physical activities | 6 |
| Shu et al.19 2020 | Ningbo China | 1/2018–3/2019 | Chinese | Case-control | 1644 | 672 | 1.906 (1.501–2.421) | Age, education level, ethnicity, family history of diabetes, pre-pregnancy weight, number of pregnancies, abortion, pressure | 7 |
| Ou et al.20 2002 | Shanghai China | 10/1999–2/2001 | Chinese | Case-control | 262 | 85 | 0.99 (0.352–1.023) | Age, obesity during pregnancy, BMI, parity, family history of diabetes, physical activities, education level, cholesterol, trilaurin | 7 |
| Guo and Guo21 2020 | Zhengzhou China | 1/2020–12/2020 | Chinese | Case-control | 3343 | 603 | 1.135 (0.956–1.349) | Age, BMI, parity, abortion, exfetation, dietary habit, sleeping hours | 7 |
GDM: gestational diabetes mellitus.