Table 2.
Subgroup and sensitivity analysis of the included studies
| Variables | Number of studies | Effect estimates | Heterogeneity | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| OR | 95% CI | χ2 | p | I2 (%) | ||
| Study design | ||||||
| Cohort | 3 | 1.40 | 1.23–1.60 | 0.97 | 0.616 | 0.00 |
| Case-control | 7 | 1.43 | 1.30–1.59 | 16.16 | 0.013 | 62.9 |
| Language | ||||||
| English | 5 | 1.44 | 1.28–1.62 | 1.94 | 0.753 | 0.00 |
| Chinese | 5 | 1.41 | 1.26–1.57 | 15.24 | 0.004 | 73.7 |
| Follow-up years | ||||||
| ≥3 | 3 | 1.48 | 1.28–1.72 | 1.11 | 0.575 | 0.00 |
| <3 | 7 | 1.40 | 1.27–1.54 | 15.64 | 0.016 | 61.6 |
| Number of GDM | ||||||
| ≥500 | 4 | 1.36 | 1.23–1.50 | 11.90 | 0.008 | 74.8 |
| <500 | 6 | 1.54 | 1.35–1.77 | 3.11 | 0.684 | 0.00 |
| Score | ||||||
| High | 4 | 1.51 | 1.35–1.68 | 5.66 | 0.129 | 47.0 |
| Moderate | 6 | 1.33 | 1.18–1.50 | 9.30 | 0.098 | 46.2 |
GDM: gestational diabetes mellitus.