Table 1.
Baseline sample characteristics
| Baseline characteristics | Type 2 diabetes by wave 8 | Test statistics | P value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| No N = 5475 (91.7%) |
Yes N = 493 (8.3%) |
|||
| Mean (SD)/n (%) | Mean (SD)/n (%) | t(df)/x2(df) | ||
| Length of follow-up, years | 8.9 (3.4) | 7.4 (3.3) | 9.44 (5966) | <0.001 |
| Age (years) | 64.9 (9.3) | 65.2 (8.6) | −0.81 (5966) | 0.42 |
| Sex | ||||
| Men | 2431 (44.4) | 244 (49.5) | 4.74 (1) | 0.030 |
| Women | 3044 (55.6) | 249 (50.5) | ||
| Relationship status | ||||
| Not married | 1703 (31.1) | 150 (30.4) | 19.80 (1) | 0.76 |
| Married | 3772 (68.9) | 343 (69.6) | ||
| BMI (kg/m2) | 27.4 (4.6) | 30.8 (5.3) | −15.35 (5966) | <0.001 |
| Stroke | ||||
| No | 5350 (97.7) | 471 (95.5) | 2.00 (1) | 0.16 |
| Yes | 125 (2.3) | 22 (4.5) | ||
| History of hypertension | ||||
| No | 3696 (67.5) | 234 (47.5) | 80.79 (1) | <0.001 |
| Yes | 1779 (32.5) | 259 (52.5) | ||
| History of cardiovascular disease | ||||
| No | 4749 (86.7) | 424 (86) | 0.21 (1) | 0.65 |
| Yes | 726 (13.3) | 69 (14) | ||
| Blood test | ||||
| Triglycerides (mmol/l) | 1.7 (1.0) | 2.2 (1.2) | −9.84 (5966) | <0.001 |
| HDL cholesterol (mmol/l) | 1.6 (0.4) | 1.4 (0.3) | 8.99 (5966) | <0.001 |
| Severe depressive symptoms present | ||||
| No | 4779 (87.3) | 404 (81.9) | 11.29 (1) | 0.001 |
| Yes | 696 (12.7) | 89 (18.1) | ||
| Accumulated wealth | ||||
| Low | 1641 (30) | 200 (40.6) | 30.2 (2) | <0.001 |
| Intermediate | 1818 (33.2) | 163 (33.1) | ||
| High | 2016 (36.8) | 130 (26.4) | ||
| Education level | ||||
| Less than secondary | 1672 (36.5) | 188 (44.5) | 17.89 (2) | <0.001 |
| Secondary | 2164 (47.3) | 194 (46) | ||
| Tertiary | 740 (16.2) | 40 (9.5) | ||
| Smoking status | ||||
| Nonsmoker | 4627 (84.8) | 388 (79.2) | 10.90 (1) | 0.001 |
| Smoker | 827 (15.2) | 102 (20.8) | ||
| Exercise regime | ||||
| Light | 256 (4.7) | 30 (6.1) | 19.8 (2) | <0.001 |
| Moderate | 3365 (61.5) | 344 (69.8) | ||
| Vigorous | 1853 (33.9) | 119 (24.1) | ||