Table 3:

Imaging cardiac remodeling and heart failure

First Author	Main Findings
Echocardiography
Gardin et al., 1995a ¹⁷²	After adjustment for subscapular skinfold thickness, height, systolic and diastolic blood pressures, alcohol consumption, pulmonary function, smoking history, physical activity, total serum cholesterol, and family history of hypertension, LV mass remained higher in men than in women (P<.0001), in black men (167±43 g) than in white men (156±50 g, P<.0001), and in black women (142±49 g) than in white women (137±43 g, P<.002).
Perak et al., 2021 ¹⁷³	Over 25 years, LV end systolic dimension and mass indexed to height was found to be associated with eccentric and concentric hypertrophy, diastolic dysfunction and incident clinical HF
Gidding et al., 2013 ¹⁷⁴	Longitudinal changes of LV mass index over 10 year were associated with 15mmHg increase in systolic blood pressure and 20 pounds gain in weight
Gidding et al., 1995 ¹⁷⁵	Among young smokers, LV mass was increased, LV end systolic stress was higher and pulmonary acceleration time was lower
Nwabuo et al., 2019 ¹⁷⁶	LVGFI was a predictor of incident HF and CVD and showed prognostic value compared to LVEF, with higher LVGFI associated with HF (HR=0.70, 95%CI 0.54-0.91), CVD (HR=0.83, 95% CI 0.72-0.96).
Moreira et al., 2017 ¹⁷⁷	At the CARDIA year 25 examination, compared to women, men had greater LV volume and mass
Kishi et al., 2014, ¹⁷⁸	High LV mass index was an independent predictor of systolic dysfunction (LVEF <50%) 20 years later (odds ratio 1.46, p = 0.0018)
Lin et al., 2021 ¹⁷⁹	A 1-SD increment of intense glycemic exposure was significantly associated with worse target organs function after multivariable adjustment: left ventricular mass (β [SE], 5.468 [1.175]); global longitudinal strain (β [SE], 0.161 [0.071]); E/e’ ratio (β[SE], 0.192 [0.071]); CAC score (β [SE], 27.948 [6.116]
S. Liu et al., 2022 ¹⁸⁰	Per 1-SD increase in cumulative systolic BP was associated with a higher risk of diastolic dysfunction, while an increase in cumulative diastolic BP was associated with a higher risk of systolic dysfunction and diastolic dysfunction.
Armstrong et al., 2014 ¹⁸⁷	Among young adults, left atrial size indexed to body size area were shown to be independent predictors of clinical outcomes with an AUC of 0.77 for LA diameter and 0.78 for LA area. LA size indexed to BSA are predictors of CVDs in general population
Magnetic Resonance Imaging
Habibi et al., 2014, 2015; ^184,185	Individuals with incident HF had greater maximal and minimal LA volume indexes (LAVImin) than control subjects (40 ± 13 mm3/m 2 vs. 33 ± 10 mm3/m2 [p <0.001] for maximal LA index and 25 ± 11 mm3/m2 vs. 17 ± 7 mm3/m2 [p <0.001] for LAVImin). In multivariable analysis, increased LGE was associated with lower LA passive emptying fraction, peak global longitudinal LA strain, systolic strain rate, early diastolic strain rate, and late diastolic strain rate
Markman et al., 2017; Raisi-Estabragh et al., 2022; ^158, 186	In the fully adjusted model, there was a significant association of minimum LAVI, LA total EF, LA passive EF and LA active EF with incident CVD (HR 1.12 per mm 3 /m 2 , P < 0.001; HR 0.95 per %, P < 0.001; HR 0.97 per %, P = 0.021; HR 0.98 per %, P < 0.027, respectively)
Zareian et al., 2015a, 2015b ¹⁹⁸	LA parameters with good-excellent (ICC; 0.88- 0.98, p < 0.001) intra-and inter reader reproducibility and fair-good (ICC; 0.44-0.82, p < 0.05-0.001) inter study reproducibility.
Imai et al., 2014 ¹⁵⁷	Reduced LA regional and global function are related to both replacement
Petersen, et al., 2017 ¹⁸⁸	BMI was the modifiable risk factor most consistently associated with subclinical changes to CMR parameters, particularly in relation to higher LV mass (+8.3% per SD [4.3 kg/m2], 95% CI: 7.6 to 8.9%), LV (EDV: +4.8% per SD, 95% CI: 4.2 to 5.4%); ESV: +4.4% per SD, 95% CI: 3.5 to 5.3%), RV (EDV: +5.3% per SD, 95% CI: 4.7 to 5.9%; ESV: +5.4% per SD, 95% CI: 4.5 to 6.4%) and LA maximal (+8.6% per SD, 95% CI: 7.4 to 9.7%) volumes.
Varadarajan et al., 2021 ¹⁹⁹	Adverse LA remodeling over 10 years of follow-up strongly correlates with prolonged elevated levels of intracardiac stress, as assessed by NT-proBNP
Pezel, Venkatesh, et al., 2021 ²⁰¹ Pezel, Ambale-Venkatesh, et al., 2022 ²⁰⁰	Greater LACI and ΔLACI were independently associated with HF (adjusted HR 1.44, 95% CI [1.25-1.66] and adjusted HR 1.55, 95% CI [1.30-1.85], respectively. Greater LACI and ΔLACI were independently associated with AF (hazard ratio, 1.69 [95% CI: 1.46, 1.96] and 1.71 [95% CI: 1.50, 1.94], respectively; both P , .001).
Germans et al., 2007 ²⁰⁵	changes in LA volume and function were age dependent and related to changes in LV mass-volume ratio.
Meucci et al., 2022 ²⁰⁶	Independent association between new-onset AF and LACI (hazard ratio [HR], 1.021; 95% CI, 1.017–1.026), LA maximum volume indexed (HR, 1.028; 95% CI, 1.017–1.039), LA minimum volume indexed (HR, 1.047; 95% CI, 1.037–1.060) and LA emptying fraction (HR, 0.967; 95% CI, 0.959–0.977, all p < 0.001). The inclusion of LACI in the multivariate model provided a larger improvement in the risk stratification for new-onset AF, as compared to conventional LA parameters.

Abbreviations:LV-left ventricle; LVGFI- LV global function index;EDV-end-diastolic volume; ESV-end-systolic volume; RV-right ventricle; LA-left atrium; LACI-left atrial coupling index; AF- atrial fibrillation;HF- heart failure; CI- confidence interval; HR- hazard ratio;ICC-interclass correlation;AUC- area under the curve; BSA- body surface area; SE- standard error; SD- standard deviation; BP- blood pressure;CAC- coronary artery calcium; CARDIA- Coronary Artery Risk Development in Young Adults; LVEF- LV ejection fraction.