Figure 3.
The engineered EVs (TPCS@EV) induced potent PAK4 silencing and immunogenic phototherapy in vitro and in vivo. The PAK4 mRNA and protein level in B16F10 cells (A) and the tumor tissues of B16F10 tumor-bearing mice (B) after various treatments. For the TPCSsiNC@EV complex, TPC was complexed with siNC instead of siPAK4. Fluorescence imaging (C) and Western blot analysis (D) of calreticulin (CRT) exposure in B16F10 cells after different treatments. Determination of high mobility group box 1 protein (HMGB1) release (E) and adenosine triphosphate (ATP) secretion (F) in the culture media of B16F10 cells following different treatments by using ELISA and ATP assay, respectively. (G) Fluorescence imaging of CRT exposure in the tumor tissues of B16F10 tumor-bearing mice after different treatments. Data in A, B, E, and F are represented as mean ± SD (n = 3) ∗P < 0.05, ∗∗P < 0.01, ∗∗∗P < 0.001. ns, not significant.