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A hypothetical schematic representation and overview of the pathogenesis of HCC. HBV, HCV, ALD, and/or MAFLD as well as bile acids (BAs), T helper 17 (Th17)/regulatory T (Treg) imbalance, and/or gut microbiota could contribute to the pathogenesis of HCC. Arrowhead indicates stimulation whereas double-arrowheads suggests bidirectional stimulation. Note that several important activities such as cytokine-induction or anti-inflammatory reaction have been omitted for clarity
