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. 2023 Jun 21;38(9):957–971. doi: 10.1007/s10654-023-01023-2

Table 4.

Associations of vitamin D deficiency and insufficiency with disadvantageous levels of biomarkers of systemic inflammatory response in logistic regression models, N = 397,737

Biomarkers of systemic inflammatory response Vitamin D Deficiency Vitamin D Insufficiency Vitamin D Sufficiency
OR (95% CI), FDR OR (95% CI), FDR OR (95% CI), FDR
Ntotal = 83,929 Ntotal = 136,692 Ntotal = 177,116
CRP based CRP, Ncase >2.75 mg/L (%) 25,271 (30.1) 35,106 (25.7) 38,982 (22.0)
  Model 1a 1.65 (1.62, 1.69), < .001 1.27 (1.25, 1.29), < .001 Ref
  Model 2b 1.60 (1.56, 1.63), < .001 1.27 (1.24, 1.29), < .001 Ref
  Model 3c 1.37 (1.34, 1.40), < .001 1.18 (1.16, 1.20), < .001 Ref
  Model 4d 1.01 (0.99, 1.04), 0.271 0.97 (0.96, 0.99), 0.007 Ref
  Model 5e 0.96 (0.94, 0.99), 0.005 0.96 (0.94, 0.98), < .001 Ref
mGPS, Ncase ≥1 (%) 4659 (5.6) 5598 (4.1) 6323 (3.6)
  Model 1a 1.65 (1.59, 1.73), < .001 1.17 (1.13, 1.22), < .001 Ref
  Model 2b 1.55 (1.48, 1.62), < .001 1.15 (1.11, 1.20), < .001 Ref
  Model 3c 1.28 (1.22, 1.34), < .001 1.06 (1.02, 1.10), 0.008 Ref
  Model 4d 0.97 (0.93, 1.02), 0.233 0.90 (0.87, 0.94), < .001 Ref
  Model 5e 0.92 (0.88, 0.97), 0.002 0.89 (0.86, 0.93), < .001 Ref
HS_mGPS, Ncase ≥1 (%) 23,179 (27.6) 31,694 (23.2) 35,003 (19.8)
  Model 1a 1.68 (1.64, 1.71), < .001 1.27 (1.25, 1.29), < .001 Ref
  Model 2b 1.62 (1.58, 1.65), < .001 1.26 (1.24, 1.29), < .001 Ref
  Model 3c 1.38 (1.35, 1.42), < .001 1.18 (1.16, 1.20), < .001 Ref
  Model 4d 1.03 (1.00, 1.05), 0.059 0.97 (0.95, 0.99), 0.006 Ref
  Model 5e 0.97 (0.95, 1.00), 0.050 0.96 (0.94, 0.98), < .001 Ref

Blood cell

based

 NPS, Ncase ≥1 (%) 4506 (5.4) 5187 (3.8) 5852 (3.3)
  Model 1a 1.67 (1.60, 1.75), < .001 1.16 (1.11, 1.20), < .001 Ref
  Model 2b 1.54 (1.47, 1.61), < .001 1.13 (1.09, 1.17), < .001 Ref
  Model 3c 1.23 (1.17, 1.29), < .001 1.04 (1.00, 1.08), 0.097 Ref
  Model 4d 1.14 (1.09, 1.20), < .001 0.99 (0.96, 1.04), 0.817 Ref
  Model 5e 1.13 (1.07, 1.18), < .001 1.01 (0.97, 1.06), 0.534 Ref
NLR, Ncase >2.78 (%) 22,111 (26.3) 33,797 (24.7) 43,264 (24.4)
  Model 1a 1.17 (1.15, 1.20), < .001 1.03 (1.01, 1.05), 0.001 Ref
  Model 2b 1.13 (1.11, 1.16), < .001 1.02 (1.00, 1.04), 0.030 Ref
  Model 3c 1.08 (1.06, 1.10), < .001 1.00 (0.98, 1.01), 0.770 Ref
  Model 4d 1.09 (1.07, 1.12), < .001 1.01 (0.99, 1.03), 0.291 Ref
  Model 5e 1.11 (1.08, 1.13), < .001 1.03 (1.01, 1.05), 0.003 Ref
PLR, Ncase >237 (%) 4418 (5.3) 6598 (4.8) 9009 (5.1)
  Model 1a 1.07 (1.02, 1.11), 0.003 0.96 (0.93, 0.99), 0.013 Ref
  Model 2b 1.04 (1.00, 1.08), 0.074 0.95 (0.92, 0.98), 0.002 Ref
  Model 3c 1.02 (0.98, 1.07), 0.406 0.93 (0.90, 0.96), < .001 Ref
  Model 4d 1.13 (1.08, 1.18), < .001 1.00 (0.96, 1.03), 0.880 Ref
  Model 5e 1.17 (1.12, 1.22), < .001 1.04 (1.00, 1.07), 0.060 Ref
LMR, Ncase <2.56 (%) 8409 (10.0) 13,680 (10.0) 18,326 (10.4)
  Model 1a 1.08 (1.04, 1.11), < .001 1.00 (0.97, 1.02), 0.880 Ref
  Model 2b 1.05 (1.02, 1.08), 0.003 0.99 (0.97, 1.02), 0.500 Ref
  Model 3c 1.04 (1.01, 1.07), 0.027 0.98 (0.96, 1.01), 0.195 Ref
  Model 4d 1.05 (1.02, 1.09), 0.003 0.99 (0.97, 1.02), 0.664 Ref
  Model 5e 1.06 (1.03, 1.10), 0.001 1.01 (0.99, 1.04), 0.443 Ref
SII, Ncase >717 mg/L (%) 23,213 (27.7) 33,921 (24.8) 42,207 (23.8)
  Model 1a 1.28 (1.26, 1.31), < .001 1.07 (1.05, 1.09), < .001 Ref
  Model 2b 1.25 (1.22, 1.27), < .001 1.06 (1.04, 1.08), < .001 Ref
  Model 3c 1.17 (1.15, 1.20), < .001 1.04 (1.02, 1.06), < .001 Ref
  Model 4d 1.17 (1.14, 1.20), < .001 1.04 (1.02, 1.06), < .001 Ref
  Model 5e 1.18 (1.15, 1.20), < .001 1.05 (1.04, 1.07), < .001 Ref
PNI, Ncase <50 (%) 8320 (9.9) 13,047 (9.5) 17,550 (9.9)
  Model 1a 1.14 (1.10, 1.17), < .001 1.01 (0.99, 1.04), 0.391 Ref
  Model 2b 1.09 (1.06, 1.12), < .001 0.99 (0.97, 1.02), 0.716 Ref
  Model 3c 1.07 (1.04, 1.10), < .001 0.98 (0.96, 1.01), 0.186 Ref
  Model 4d 1.07 (1.04, 1.11), < .001 0.99 (0.97, 1.02), 0.534 Ref
  Model 5e 1.10 (1.06, 1.14), < .001 1.02 (0.99, 1.04), 0.218 Ref

CI, confidence interval; CRP, C-reactive protein; HS_mGPS, High-sensitive mGPS; LMR, lymphocyte-to-monocyte ratio; mGPS, modified Glasgow prognostic score; NA, not applicable; NLR, neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio; NPS, neutrophil-platelet score; OR, odds ratio; PLR, platelet-to-lymphocyte ratio; PNI, prognostic nutritional index; SII, systemic immune-inflammation index

Numbers in bold indicate statistical significance of 0.05 level based on the nominal p-value

aModel 1 is adjusted for age, sex, skin colour, latitude of study center and calendar month of attending the assessment center

bModel 2 is adjusted for model 1 covariates plus socio-economic factors (education, Townsend deprivation index, no. of individuals in household, and household income)

cModel 3 is adjusted for model 2 covariates plus life-style factors (smoking, alcohol consumption, physical activity, frequency of visiting friends/family and consumption of oily fish, cereal, processed meat, milk, bread and spread), time spend outdoors in summer and winter, ease of skin tanning, use of sun screen/UV protection, and solarium/sunlamp use

dModel 4 is adjusted for model 3 covariates plus weight variables (body mass index and waist circumference)

eModel 5 is adjusted for model 4 covariates plus diseases & symptoms (diabetes, stroke, cancer, coronary heart disease, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, history of pulmonary embolism, inflammatory bowel disease, periodontitis, arthritis, osteoporosis, gout, Parkinson, depressed mood, and tiredness/lethargy), biomarkers (estimated glomerular filtration rate, HbA1c, HDL cholesterol, systolic blood pressure, diastolic blood pressure, forced expiratory volume in 1-s, and hand grip strength), and general health status (no. of drugs, no of chronic diseases, disability, and general self-rated health)