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. 2023 Jun 20;36(5):2088–2099. doi: 10.1007/s10278-023-00865-2

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© The Author(s) under exclusive licence to Society for Imaging Informatics in Medicine 2023. Springer Nature or its licensor (e.g. a society or other partner) holds exclusive rights to this article under a publishing agreement with the author(s) or other rightsholder(s); author self-archiving of the accepted manuscript version of this article is solely governed by the terms of such publishing agreement and applicable law.

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Fig. 2 — The overall framework of the work (manual segmentation: the junior doctors performed a preliminary ground truth determination and the senior doctors corrected it if necessary using the off-shelf segmentation software 3D slicer; segmentation control: we systematically control the contours of ROI to generate the segmentation errors, in terms of the evaluation metrics DSC and HD; statistical analysis: large sample size T-test was utilized to verify the impact of segmentation errors on diagnostic related features)