Table 2.

MR results of causal links between the gut microbiome and COVID-19 risk p<5×10⁻⁸.

	Nsnp	Method	Beta	SE	P value	OR (95% CI)	Horizontal pleiotropy			Heterogeneity
							Egger intercept	SE	P value	Cochran’s Q	P value
COVID-19 susceptibility	12	MR–Egger	−0.060	0.127	0.644	0.941 (0.734–1.207)	0.011	0.014	0.424	81.605	7.21E−13
		Weighted median	0.034	0.020	0.089	1.035 (0.995–1.077)
		Inverse variance weighted	0.041	0.036	0.259	1.042 (0.970–1.118)
		Weighted mode	0.043	0.026	0.126	1.043 (0.992–1.097)
COVID-19 severity	12	MR–Egger	−0.227	0.326	0.503	0.797 (0.420–1.511)	0.033	0.035	0.366	55.472	6.35E−08
		Weighted median	0.029	0.059	0.624	1.030 (0.916–1.157)
		Inverse variance weighted	0.069	0.095	0.469	1.071 (0.889–1.291)
		Weighted mode	0.016	0.073	0.827	1.016 (0.881–1.173)
COVID-19 hospitalization	12	MR–Egger	−0.109	0.221	0.633	0.897 (0.581–1.384)	0.019	0.024	0.431	56.604	3.94E−08
		Weighted median	0.005	0.040	0.897	1.005 (0.929–1.088)
		Inverse variance weighted	0.065	0.063	0.304	1.067 (0.943–1.207)
		Weighted mode	0.004	0.044	0.931	1.004 (0.921–1.094)