Table 1.
The Application and Therapeutic Effect of MSCs in Animal Models of Acute Liver Failure
| MSCs type | Route | Dose (transplant frequency) | Transplant time | Inducer | Animal | Therapeutic effect and mechanism | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| hBMSCs | Portal vein | 3×106/kg (1 injection) | Injection immediately after using D-GalN | D-GalN | Pigs | Survival rate↑; inflammation↓; delta-like ligand 4 (DLL4)↑ | 81 |
| AT-MSCs | Peripheral vein or splenic vein | 2×106/kg (2 injections) | Injections on day 3 and 8 after using CCL4 | CCL4 | Dogs | Liver enzymes↓; (IL-1, IL-6, IL-8, and IFN-γ)↓; (IL-4 , IL-10, HGF, and VEGFA)↑ | 82 |
| BMSCs | Peripheral vein | 1×106/rat (1 injection) | Injections on 12 hr after using TAA | TAA | Rats | Survival rate↑; endotoxin↓; (IL-6 and TNF-α)↓ | 89 |
| AT-MSCs | Peripheral vein | 2×105/rat (1 injection) | Injections on 2 hr after using APAP | APAP | Rats | Liver enzymes↓; (TNF-α, MCP-1, IL-1β, ICAM-1 and phospho-JNK)↓; (cyclin D1 and PCNA)↑ | 80 |
| hUCMSCs | Peripheral vein | 2×106 or 4×106/rat (1 injection) | Injections on 1 hr after using LPS/D-GalN | LPS/D-GalN | Rats | Liver enzymes↓; (TNF-α, IFN-γ, IL-6, and IL-1β)↓; HGF↑; (Notch, IFN-γ/Stat1, and IL-6/Stat3 )↓ | 78 |
| hUCMSCs | Peripheral vein | 5×105/mouse (1 injection) | Injections on 30 min before or after using APAP | APAP | Mice | Liver enzymes↓; (glutathione, superoxide dismutase)↑; (TNF-α and IL-6)↓; HGF↑ | 90 |
| T-MSCs | Peripheral vein | 2×106/mouse (1 injection) | Injections on 30 min after using ConA or APAP | ConA or APAP | Mice | Liver enzymes↓; (INF-γ and TNF-α)↓; Galectin-1 is a key effector of T-MSCs | 79 |
| hPMSCs | Portal vein or peripheral vein | 1×108/pig (1 injection) | Injections on 18 hr after using D-GalN | D-GalN | Pigs | Liver enzymes↓; (liver inflammation, hepatic denaturation and necrosis)↓; (liver regeneration)↑ | 77 |
MSCs, mesenchymal stem cells; hBMSCs, human bone MSCs; AT-MSCs, adipose tissue MSCs; BMSCs, bone MSCs; hUCMSCs, human umbilical cord MSCs; T-MSCs, tonsil-derived MSCs; hPMSCs, human placenta MSCs; D-GalN, D-galactosamine; CCL4, carbon tetrachloride; TAA, thioacetamide; APAP, acetaminophen; LPS, lipopolysaccharide; ConA, concanavalin A; IL, interleukin; IFN-γ, interferon gamma; HGF, hepatocyte growth factor; VEGFA, vascular endothelial growth factor A; TNF-α, tumor necrosis factor-alpha; MCP-1, monocyte chemoattractant protein-1; ICAM-1, intercellular adhesion molecule-1; PCNA, proliferating cell nuclear antigen; Stat, signal transducer and activator of transcription.