Table 5.
Features associated with EDSS score.
| Characteristics | EDSS ≥4 at index attack (n = 143) | EDSS <4 at the index attack (n = 106) | p‐value | EDSS ≥4 at the last follow‐up (n = 76) | EDSS <4 at the follow‐up (n = 171) | p‐value |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Gender | ||||||
| Female | 82 (57%) | 61 (57%) | 0.9 | 46 (60%) | 75 (44%) | 0.5 |
| Male | 61 (43%) | 45 (42%) | 30 (39%) | 96 (56%) | ||
| Mean age at the onset ± SD | 38.4 ± 16.6 | 38.7 ± 14.3 | 0.7 | 41.9 ± 15 | 36.8 ± 15.6 | 0.02 |
| Index attack as a first demyelinating attack | 93 (65%) | 78 (75%) | 0.09 | 54 (71%) | 117 (70%) | 0.8 |
| First neurological symptoms at index attack | ||||||
| Motor | 81 (57%) | 35 (33%) | <0.0001 | 49 (64%) | 66 (38%) | <0.0001 |
| Sensory | 49 (34%) | 42 (40%) | 0.4 | 26 (34%) | 38 (22%) | 0.51 |
| Aphasia | 32 (22%) | 18 (17%) | 0.3 | 15 (20%) | 27 (16%) | 0.66 |
| Cerebellar | 26 (18%) | 16 (15%) | 0.5 | 12 (16%) | 4 (2%) | 1.00 |
| Brainstem | 3 (2%) | 6 (6%) | 0.1 | 4 (5%) | 20 (12%) | 0.23 |
| Visual field loss | 18 (13%) | 15 (14%) | 0.7 | 13 (17%) | 11 (6%) | 0.24 |
| Optic neuritis | 9 (6%) | 5 (5%) | 0.6 | 3 (4%) | 4 (2%) | 0.43 |
| Bladder/bowel/sexual | 7 (5%) | 1 (1%) | 0.08 | 4 (5%) | 4 (2%) | 0.23 |
| Myelitis | 3 (2%) | 2 (2%) | 0.90 | 1 (1%) | 4 (2%) | 0.6 |
| Encephalopathy | 20 (14%) | 2 (2%) | <0.0001 | 8 (10%) | 14 (8%) | 0.55 |
| Seizure | 6 (4%) | 10 (9%) | 0.09 | 6 (8%) | 11 (6%) | 0.67 |
| Positive oligoclonal band | 51 (54%) | 41 (53%) | 0.82 | 31 (61%) | 59 (50%) | 0.21 |
| Presence of MOG‐IgG | 7 (21 T) | 3 (11%) | 0.26 | 0 (0.0%) | 12 (26%) | 0.04 |
| Focus of index lesion | ||||||
| Frontal | 35 (46%) | 15 (32%) | 0.12 | 18 (46%) | 33 (40%) | 0.5 |
| Parietal | 26 (34%) | 13 (28%) | 0.45 | 12 (31%) | 25 (30%) | 0.9 |
| Temporal | 8 (10%) | 4 (8%) | 0.71 | 4 (10%) | 8 (10%) | 0.9 |
| Occipital | 6 (8%) | 9 (19%) | 0.06 | 3 (8%) | 12 (14%) | 0.3 |
| Cerebellum | 4 (5%) | 5 (11%) | 0.26 | 4 (10%) | 5 (6%) | 0.4 |
| Brainstem | 6 (8%) | 1 (2%) | 0.18 | 4 (10%) | 3 (4%) | 0.1 |
| Type of lesion | ||||||
| Solitary lesion | 27 (36%) | 27 (57%) | 0.4 | 19 (50%) | 36 (43%) | 0.2 |
| Balo lesion | 13 (17%) | 8 (17%) | 3 (8%) | 17 (20%) | ||
| Multiple tumefactive lesion | 35 (47%) | 12 (26%) | 16 (42%) | 30 (36%) | ||
| Presence of ADC restriction | 42/63 (67%) | 15/33 (45%) | 0.04 | 20/30 (67%) | 36/66 (54%) | 0.3 |
| Barkhof criteria fulfilled | 39/75 (52%) | 18/45 (40%) | 0.2 | 22/39 (56%) | 34/81 (42%) | 0.15 |
| Index attack treatment | ||||||
| No treatment | 17 (12%) | 23 (22%) | 0.03 | 5 (7%) | 33 (19%) | 0.01 |
| Steroid | 123 (86%) | 81 (76%) | 0.06 | 66 (87%) | 137 (80%) | 0.2 |
| PLEX | 42 (33%) | 8 (7%) | <0.001 | 31 (41%) | 22 (13%) | <0.001 |
| IVIG | 11 (7.7%) | 0 (0%) | <0.001 | 8 (10%) | 3 (2%) | <0.001 |
| Disease‐modifying treatment (DMT) | ||||||
| Mild‐to‐moderate | 67 (47%) | 41 (39%) | 0.1 | 36 (47%) | 73 (43%) | 0.5 |
| High | 34 (24%) | 19 (18%) | 0.2 | 24 (32%) | 30 (17%) | 0.01 |
ADC, apparent diffusion coefficient; DMT, disease‐modifying treatment; EDSS, Expanded Disability Status Scale; MOGAD, myelin oligodendrocytes glycoprotein antibody‐associated disease; N, number; SD, standard deviation; TD, tumefactive demyelination; TMS, tumefactive multiple sclerosis.