Table 4.

Multilevel logistic regression of arthritis-attributable moderate/severe joint pain on individual-level and state-level factors, among adults aged 25 to 80 years.

	Model 1		Model 2		Model 3
	OR (95% CI)		OR (95% CI)		OR (95% CI)
Individual-level factors
Education (ref: BA+)
<HS			5.381***	4.923-5.881	5.376***	4.918-5.876
HS/SC			2.694***	2.565-2.829	2.674***	2.542-2.812
Age	1.032***	1.031-1.034	1.029***	1.027-1.031	1.029***	1.027-1.031
Sex (ref: male)
Female	1.692***	1.625-1.762	1.732***	1.666-1.801	1.732***	1.666-1.801
Race (ref: Whites)
Blacks	1.749***	1.621-1.887	1.518***	1.416-1.627	1.507***	1.406-1.616
Hispanics	1.201**	1.070-1.348	0.785**	0.681-0.904	0.783**	0.681-0.901
Other	1.248***	1.131-1.378	1.220***	1.113-1.337	1.224***	1.121-1.336
State-level factors
Percentage of immigrants	0.864***	0.801-0.931	0.922**	0.872-0.976	0.855***	0.800-0.914
EITC					1.008	0.958-1.060
SNAP					0.925***	0.963-0.957
MGS					1.022	0.953-1.097
Gini					1.040	0.981-1.102
SCI					0.819***	0.748-0.896
Tobacco					1.020	0.956-1.090
Random effects
State (variance)	0.078	0.053-0.115	0.067	0.047-0.098	0.021	0.012-0.037
Education (variance)
<HS			0.013	0.004-0.040	0.016	0.006-0.042
HS/SC			0.003	0.001-0.011	0.002	0.000-0.010

†P < 0.1. *P < 0.05. **P < 0.01. ***P < 0.001.

All models are sample weight adjusted. All state-level variables are standardized as Z-scores.

<HS, below high school; HS/SC, high school or some college; BA+, bachelor's degree or above; CI, confidence interval; EITC, Earned Income Tax Credit; Gini, Gini index; MGS, Medicaid Generosity Score; OR, odds ratio; SCI, Social Capital Index; SNAP, Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program; Tobacco, tobacco taxes. State-level factors significantly predicting joint pain are shown in bold.