Table 5.
Multilevel logistic regression of arthritis-attributable moderate/severe joint pain on individual-level and state-level predictors, with interactions between education and state-level variables.
| State variable in interaction | Model 4 EITC |
Model 5 SNAP |
Model 6 MGS |
Model 7 Gini |
Model 8 SCI |
Model 9 Tobacco |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| OR (95% CI) | OR (95% CI) | OR (95% CI) | OR (95% CI) | OR (95% CI) | OR (95% CI) | |
| Main effect of education (ref: BA+) | ||||||
| <HS | 5.372*** | 5.373*** | 5.380*** | 5.368*** | 5.384*** | 5.374*** |
| 4.912-5.895 | 4.915-5.874 | 4.923-5.880 | 4.910-5.868 | 4.931-5.879 | 4.918-5.871 | |
| HS/SC | 2.671*** | 2.673*** | 2.676*** | 2.675*** | 2.670*** | 2.677*** |
| 2.538-2.810 | 2.542-2.811 | 2.546-2.811 | 2.545-2.811 | 2.541-2.806 | 2.548-2.812 | |
| Main effect of state-level variable | 0.987 | 0.940* | 1.000 | 1.001 | 0.813* | 0.993 |
| 0.935-1.041 | 0.889-0.996 | 0.928-1.076 | 0.938-1.068 | 0.741-0.892 | 0.943-1.047 | |
| Interaction with < HS | 1.030 | 0.998 | 1.035 | 1.055 | 1.014 | 1.019 |
| 0.964-1.100 | 0.963-1.035 | 0.966-1.109 | 0.979-1.137 | 0.994-1.101 | 0.958-1.083 | |
| Interaction with HS/SC | 1.024 | 0.975 | 1.030 | 1.043* | 0.996 | 1.036 |
| 0.981-1.069 | 0.921-1.032 | 0.980-1.083 | 1.001-1.087 | 0.946-1.050 | 0.992-1.083 |
†P < 0.1. *P < 0.05. **P < 0.01. ***P < 0.001.
All models are sample weight adjusted and are analyzed using multilevel logistic regressions with random intercepts and education slopes, controlling for all covariates and structural variables. All state-level variables are standardized as Z-scores.
<HS, below high school; HS/SC, high school or some college; BA+, bachelor's degree or above; CI, confidence interval; EITC, Earned Income Tax Credit; Gini, Gini index; MGS, Medicaid Generosity Score; OR, odds ratio; SCI, Social Capital Index; SNAP, Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program; Tobacco, tobacco taxes. State-level factors significantly predicting joint pain are shown in bold.