TABLE 1.

Reproductive health impacts of selected endocrine‐disrupting chemicals (EDCs).

Type of endocrine‐disrupting chemicals	Endocrine‐disrupting chemicals	Sources of exposure	Industrial benefits	Potential gynecologic health risks
Persistent EDCs	Dioxins	Combustion, waste incineration, volcanic eruptions, forest fires	N/A	Endometriosis, Adenomyosis, Reproductive cancers
	Polychlorinated Biphenyls (PCBs)	Electrical transformers, microscope immersion oils, pesticides, carbonless copy paper	Electrical insulating compounds	Endometriosis, Adenomyosis, uterine fibroids
Non‐persistent EDCs	Bisphenol A (BPA)/Bisphenol S (BPS)	Children's toys, water bottles, canned food liners, dental sealants, receipt coatings	Plasticizer and epoxy resins	Endometriosis, uterine fibroids, polycystic ovarian syndrome, adenomyosis
	Phthalates	Cosmetics, medical equipment, medications, paints, adhesives, personal care products	Plasticizers, solvents, and stabilizers	Endometriosis, uterine fibroids, adenomyosis
	Parabens	Cosmetics, pharmaceutical products	Preservatives	Endometriosis, uterine fibroids
	Triclosan (TCS)	Hand sanitizers, mouthwash, toothpaste	Antimicrobial properties	Polycystic ovarian syndrome

Note: Stephens et al. EDCs and Development of Endometriosis and Adenomyosis. Front Physiol 2022;12:807685. 10.3389/fphys.2021.807685 (Ref. 68); with permission.