Table 1. Table of data extraction.

RCT: Randomized clinical trial; Cr: Creatine; CLL: Creatyl-L-leucine; CrM: Cr monohydrate; PLA: Placebo; CSB: Creatine and sodium bicarbonate; HMB: β-hydroxy β-methylbutyrate; CrM-HMB: Creatine monohydrate and β-hydroxy β-methylbutyrate; MIPS: Multi-ingredient performance supplement; 1RM: One-repetition maximum; BS: Back squat; PAP: Postactivation potentiation; Cr-B: Creatine before; Cr-A: Creatine after.

 

Author	Year of publication	Study design	Quality tool	Primary research	Outcome evaluation
Bogdanis et al. [11]	2022	RCT	Cochrane risk of bias assessment tool	This research included sixteen active male volunteers (age 25–30 years, body mass 74–81 kg, height 179–184 cm).	Cr supplementation led to a 0.99 ± 0.83 kg increase in body mass (<0.05), although maximum output and velocity were the same across the two groups.
Askow et al. [12]	2022	RCT	Cochrane risk of bias assessment tool	Eighty-six men and women were evaluated for this study. Between 18 and 50 with a BMI of 18.5–29.99 kg/m2.	The findings showed that 2 weeks of CLL supplementation did not statistically raise muscle Cr, but CrM supplementation did.
Kim et al. [13]	2021	RCT	Cochrane risk of bias assessment tool	This research examined how CSB supplementation affected top soccer players' performance.	CSB had better results in the thirty-meter sprint than PLA (PLA: 0.6% vs. CSB: 3.6%, p = 0.007).
Domingues et al. [14]	2021	RCT	Cochrane risk of bias assessment tool	Twenty-nine individuals of both sexes were double-blindly randomized (1:1) to PLA (15 participants) or Cr (14 participants).	The significance threshold was p > 0.05. Functionality and muscle O2 saturation did not change (p > 0.05).
Mills et al. [15]	2020	RCT	Cochrane risk of bias assessment tool	Twenty-two individuals were randomly assigned to receive Cr thirteen participants or PLA nine participants throughout six weeks of weight training.	The Cr group showed substantial improvements (p < 0.05) in chest press, leg press endurance, and total body strength, whereas the PLA group did not show changes.
Landa et al. [16]	2020	RCT	Cochrane risk of bias assessment tool	This PLA-controlled, double-blind, 10-week trial assigned individuals to PLA, CrM, HMB, and CrM-HMB groups.	In conclusion, CrM-HMB supplementation for 10 weeks increased aerobic power in an incremental test but did not affect muscle mass.
Hummer et al. [17]	2019	RCT	Cochrane risk of bias assessment tool	Twenty-two volunteers (6 females, 21 ± 2 yrs., 72.46 ± 11.18 kg, 1.72 ± 0.09 m) completed back squat and bench press 1RMs.	For total concentric tasks and back squat and bench press 1RM, the P-value was 0.05.
Wang et al. [18]	2018	RCT	Cochrane risk of bias assessment tool	Thirty athletes were split into two groups and given either Cr or PLA. The Cr group took twenty grams of Cr over the course of six days, while the PLA group consumed two grams of supplements.	The Cr group showed substantially higher 1-RM strength after training compared to the PLA group (p < 0.05).
Wang et al. [19]	2016	RCT	Cochrane risk of bias assessment tool	Thirty explosive athletes tested BS for 1RM strength and complicated training sessions to evaluate their height, peak power ideal, and PAP leaping in the opposite direction before and after supplementation.	This research shows that creatine supplementation increases maximum muscular strength and complicated training PAP time but not explosive performance.
Candow al. [20]	2015	RCT	Cochrane risk of bias assessment tool	The 32-week trials assigned older persons (50–71 years) to CR-B, CR-A, or PLA.	Over time, lean tissue mass and muscular strength increased while fat mass decreased (p < 0.05).