Table 2.
Exposure to antibiotics by ATC group in multiple sclerosis (MS) patients and controls by sex and age of onset.
| Exposure 1–6 years before MS onset | Female | Male | All | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| MS (n = 916) | Control (n = 6393) | MS (n = 386) | Control (n = 2697) | MS (N = 1302) | Control (N = 9090) | |
| J01A (Tetracyclines) | 283 (30.9%) | 1892 (29.6%) | 79 (20.5%) | 603 (22.4%) | 362 (27.8%) | 2495 (27.4%) |
| J01C (Penicillin) | 563 (61.5%) | 3877 (60.6%) | 169 (43.8%) | 1202 (44.6%) | 732 (56.2%) | 5079 (55.9%) |
| J01D (Other betalactams) | 386 (42.1%) | 2647 (41.4%) | 122 (31.6%) | 883 (32.7%) | 508 (39.0%) | 3530 (38.8%) |
| J01E (Sulfonamide and Trimetoprim) | 79 (8.6%) | 465 (7.3%) | – | 52 (1.9%) | – | 517 (5.7%) |
| J01F (Macrolides, lincosamides, and streptogramines) | 268 (29.3%) | 1707 (26.7%) | 80 (20.7%) | 581 (21.5%) | 348 (26.7%) | 2288 (25.2%) |
| J01M (Kinolone derivates) | 104 (11.4%) | 582 (9.1%) | 22 (5.7%) | 190 (7.0%) | 126 (9.7%) | 772 (8.5%) |
| J02A (Systemic antifungals) | 161 (17.6%) | 1051 (16.4%) | 8 (2.1%) | 86 (3.2%) | 169 (13.0%) | 1137 (12.5%) |
| J05A (Systemic antivirals) | 52 (5.7%) | 410 (6.4%) | 16 (4.1%) | 76 (2.8%) | 68 (5.2%) | 486 (5.3%) |
| Exposure 1–6 years before MS onset (onset age ⩽ 30) | MS (n = 377) | Control (n = 2626) | MS (n = 134) | Control (n = 938) | MS (N = 511) | Control (N = 3564) |
| J01A (Tetracyclines) | 109 (28.9%) | 693 (26.4%) | 26 (19.4%) | 167 (17.8%) | 135 (26.4%) | 860 (24.1%) |
| J01C (Penicillin) | 247 (65.5%) | 1662 (63.3%) | 72 (53.7%) | 434 (46.3%) | 319 (62.4%) | 2096 (58.8%) |
| J01D (Other betalactams) | 154 (40.8%) | 1048 (39.9%) | 50 (37.3%) | 288 (30.7%) | 204 (39.9%) | 1336 (37.5%) |
| J01E (Sulfonamide and Trimetoprim) | 35 (9.3%) | 234 (8.9%) | – | 18 (1.9%) | – | 252 (7.1%) |
| J01F (Macrolides, lincosamides and streptogramines) | 97 (25.7%) | 634 (24.1%) | 27 (20.1%) | 171 (18.2%) | 124 (24.3%) | 805 (22.6%) |
| J01M (Kinolone derivates) | 42 (11.1%) | 226 (8.6%) | 7 (5.2%) | 46 (4.9%) | 49 (9.6%) | 272 (7.6%) |
| J02A (Systemic antifungals) | 60 (15.9%) | 397 (15.1%) | – | 23 (2.5%) | – | 420 (11.8%) |
| J05A (Systemic antivirals) | 15 (4.0%) | 133 (5.1%) | – | 24 (2.6%) | – | 157 (4.4%) |