Table 3.
Risk of multiple sclerosis associated with the use of different groups (ATC) of antibiotics in childhood (aged 5–9) and adolescence (aged 10–19).
| Exposure to antibiotics in childhood | Exposure to antibiotics in adolescence | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| OR | 95% CI | p value | OR | 95% CI | p value | |
| Female | ||||||
| J01A (Tetracyclines) | – | – | – | 0.95 | [0.74, 1.22] | 0.69 |
| J01C (Penicillin) | 0.92 | [0.70, 1.20] | 0.55 | 1.17 | [0.94, 1.44] | 0.16 |
| J01D (Other betalactams) | 0.85 | [0.65, 1.12] | 0.26 | 1.06 | [0.87, 1.28] | 0.56 |
| J01E (Sulfonamide and Trimetoprim) | 0.91 | [0.65, 1.27] | 0.57 | 1.16 | [0.88, 1.54] | 0.29 |
| J01F (Macrolides, lincosamides and streptogramines) | 1.03 | [0.80, 1.34] | 0.81 | 1.06 | [0.87, 1.29] | 0.57 |
| J01M (Kinolone derivates) | – | – | – | 1.08 | [0.72, 1.63] | 0.70 |
| J02A (Systemic antifungals) | – | – | – | 1.15 | [0.83, 1.58] | 0.41 |
| J05A (Systemic antivirals) | – | – | – | 1.55 | [0.95, 2.53] | 0.082 |
| Male | ||||||
| J01A (Tetracyclines) | – | – | – | 1.19 | [0.81, 1.75] | 0.37 |
| J01C (Penicillin) | 0.71 | [0.46, 1.10] | 0.13 | 1.15 | [0.82, 1.60] | 0.41 |
| J01D (Other betalactams) | 0.87 | [0.56, 1.37] | 0.56 | 0.99 | [0.72, 1.36] | 0.94 |
| J01E (Sulfonamide and Trimetoprim) | 1.11 | [0.62, 1.99] | 0.73 | 1.18 | [0.67, 2.08] | 0.57 |
| J01F (Macrolides, lincosamides and streptogramines) | 0.81 | [0.52, 1.28] | 0.37 | 1.13 | [0.82, 1.57] | 0.46 |
| J01M (Kinolone derivates) | – | – | – | – | – | – |
| J02A (Systemic antifungals) | – | – | – | – | – | – |
| J05A (Systemic antivirals) | – | – | – | 1.60 | [0.60, 4.26] | 0.35 |
CI: confidence interval; OR: crude odds ratio.