Table 4.
Exposure to antibiotics by ATC group in multiple sclerosis patients and controls by sex, time-period, and age.
| Exposure at any time before MS diagnosis | Female | Male | All | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| MS (n = 1279) | Control (n = 8915) | MS (n = 551) | Control (n = 3850) | MS (N = 1830) | Control (N = 12,765) | |
| J01A (Tetracyclines) | 735 (57.5 %) | 5033 (56.5 %) | 282 (51.2 %) | 1839 (47.8 %) | 1017 (55.6 %) | 6872 (53.8 %) |
| J01C (Penicillin) | 1139 (89.1 %) | 7939 (89.1 %) | 427 (77.5 %) | 3112 (80.8 %) | 1566 (85.6 %) | 11051 (86.6 %) |
| J01D (Other betalactams) | 1030 (80.5 %) | 7077 (79.4 %) | 399 (72.4 %) | 2798 (72.7 %) | 1429 (78.1 %) | 9875 (77.4 %) |
| J01E (Sulfonamide and Trimetoprim) | 427 (33.4 %) | 2529 (28.4 %) | 103 (18.7 %) | 630 (16.4 %) | 530 (29.0 %) | 3159 (24.7 %) |
| J01F (Macrolides, lincosamides and streptogramines) | 891 (69.7 %) | 6011 (67.4 %) | 319 (57.9 %) | 2252 (58.5 %) | 1210 (66.1 %) | 8263 (64.7 %) |
| J01M (Kinolone derivates) | 345 (27.0 %) | 2091 (23.5 %) | 114 (20.7 %) | 706 (18.3 %) | 459 (25.1 %) | 2797 (21.9 %) |
| J02A (Systemic antifungals) | 483 (37.8 %) | 3111 (34.9 %) | 48 (8.7 %) | 365 (9.5 %) | 531 (29.0 %) | 3476 (27.2 %) |
| J05A (Systemic antivirals) | 158 (12.4 %) | 1142 (12.8 %) | 44 (8.0 %) | 260 (6.8 %) | 202 (11.0 %) | 1402 (11.0 %) |
| Exposure at 5–9 years of age | MS (n = 269) | Control (n = 1876) | MS (n = 96) | Control (n = 672) | MS (N = 365) | Control (N = 2548) |
| J01A (Tetracyclines) | – | – | – | – | – | – |
| J01 C (Penicillin) | 172 (63.9 %) | 1235 (65.8 %) | 58 (60.4 %) | 459 (68.3 %) | 230 (63.0 %) | 1694 (66.5 %) |
| J01D (Other betalactams) | 84 (31.2 %) | 653 (34.8 %) | 31 (32.3 %) | 238 (35.4 %) | 115 (31.5 %) | 891 (35.0 %) |
| J01E (Sulfonamide and Trimetoprim) | 48 (17.8 %) | 363 (19.3 %) | 16 (16.7 %) | 103 (15.3 %) | 64 (17.5 %) | 466 (18.3 %) |
| J01 F (Macrolides, lincosamides and streptogramines) | 114 (42.4 %) | 777 (41.4 %) | 33 (34.4 %) | 263 (39.1 %) | 147 (40.3 %) | 1040 (40.8 %) |
| J01M (Kinolone derivates) | – | – | – | – | – | – |
| J02A (Systemic antifungals) | – | – | – | – | – | – |
| J05A (Systemic antivirals) | – | – | – | – | – | – |
| Exposure at 10–19 years of age | MS (n = 477) | Control (n = 3325) | MS (n = 174) | Control (n = 1218) | MS (N = 651) | Control (N = 4543) |
| J01A (Tetracyclines) | 94 (19.7 %) | 676 (20.3 %) | 38 (21.8 %) | 231 (19.0 %) | 132 (20.3 %) | 907 (20.0 %) |
| J01C (Penicillin) | 335 (70.2 %) | 2228 (67.0 %) | 112 (64.4 %) | 745 (61.2 %) | 447 (68.7 %) | 2973 (65.4 %) |
| J01D (Other betalactams) | 232 (48.6 %) | 1569 (47.2 %) | 82 (47.1 %) | 578 (47.5 %) | 314 (48.2 %) | 2147 (47.3 %) |
| J01E (Sulfonamide and Trimetoprim) | 66 (13.8 %) | 405 (12.2 %) | 15 (8.6 %) | 90 (7.4 %) | 81 (12.4 %) | 495 (10.9 %) |
| J01F (Macrolides, lincosamides and streptogramines) | 185 (38.8 %) | 1250 (37.6 %) | 69 (39.7 %) | 448 (36.8 %) | 254 (39.0 %) | 1698 (37.4 %) |
| J01M (Kinolone derivates) | 28 (5.9 %) | 180 (5.4 %) | – | 29 (2.4 %) | – | 209 (4.6 %) |
| J02A (Systemic antifungals) | 47 (9.9 %) | 291 (8.8 %) | – | 20 (1.6 %) | – | 311 (6.8 %) |
| J05A (Systemic antivirals) | 20 (4.2 %) | 91 (2.7 %) | 5 (2.9 %) | 22 (1.8 %) | 25 (3.8 %) | 113 (2.5 %) |