Table 5.

Risk of multiple sclerosis (MS) associated with exposure to different groups (ATC) of antibiotics 1–6 years before MS onset.

	All patients with known age of onset			Patients with MS onset ⩽ 30 years of age
	OR	95% CI	p value	OR	95% CI	p value
Female
J01A (Tetracyclines)	1.07	[0.92, 1.25]	0.39	1.14	[0.90, 1.45]	0.28
J01C (Penicillin)	1.04	[0.90, 1.20]	0.62	1.11	[0.88, 1.40]	0.37
J01D (Other betalactams)	1.03	[0.89, 1.18]	0.70	1.03	[0.83, 1.29]	0.77
J01E (Sulfonamide and Trimetoprim)	1.21	[0.94, 1.55]	0.14	1.05	[0.72, 1.53]	0.79
J01F (Macrolides, lincosamides and streptogramines)	1.14	[0.98, 1.33]	0.10	1.09	[0.85, 1.40]	0.50
J01M (Kinolone derivates)	1.28	[1.03, 1.60]	0.028*	1.34	[0.94, 1.90]	0.11
J02A (Systemic antifungals)	1.09	[0.90, 1.31]	0.37	1.07	[0.79, 1.45]	0.66
J05A (Systemic antivirals)	0.88	[0.65, 1.19]	0.40	0.78	[0.45, 1.35]	0.37
Male
J01A (Tetracyclines)	0.88	[0.67, 1.15]	0.36	1.11	[0.70, 1.76]	0.65
J01C (Penicillin)	0.96	[0.78, 1.20]	0.74	1.37	[0.94, 1.99]	0.098
J01D (Other betalactams)	0.95	[0.75, 1.19]	0.64	1.34	[0.92, 1.95]	0.13
J01E (Sulfonamide and Trimetoprim)	–	–	–	–	–	–
J01F (Macrolides, lincosamides and streptogramines)	0.95	[0.73, 1.24]	0.72	1.13	[0.72, 1.79]	0.59
J01M (Kinolone derivates)	0.79	[0.50, 1.25]	0.32	1.07	[0.47, 2.42]	0.87
J02A (Systemic antifungals)	0.64	[0.31, 1.34]	0.24	–	–	–
J05A (Systemic antivirals)	1.50	[0.86, 2.59]	0.15	–	–	–

OR: odds ratio; CI: confidence interval.

^*BH corrected p values exceed 0.05.