Table 1.

Tau regulatory kinases

Tau kinases	GSK-3β	AMPK	ERK1/2	PKA	CDK5
Activation factor	Activated Tyr216 phosphorylation/Ser9 inhibition	AMP Thr172 phosphorylation	Thr202/Tyr204 phosphorylation	R subunit dissociation by binding of cAMP	Association of p35, or p25 (truncated p35 by calpain) with catalytic unit, phosphorylation of CDK5 in Tyr15
References	Park et al., 2013	Willows et al., 2017	Ferrer et al., 2020	Ko et al., 2019	Lee et al., 2000
Outcome of dysregulation	Diabetes mellitus, obesity, inflammation, neurological disorders and tumorigenesis	Insulin resistance and neurodegeneration	Neurodegenerative diseases, developmental diseases, diabetes and cancer	Cognitive decline, schizophrenia, tumorigenesis, Huntington’s disease and Parkinson’s disease	Neurodegeneration and neurotoxicity
References	Clodfelder-Miller et al., 2005; Wang et al., 2022a	Viollet et al., 2010; Ren et al., 2020	Ahmed et al., 2020; Burton et al., 2021; Zhou et al., 2022	Dagda et al., 2011; Giralt et al., 2011	Das et al., 2019; Pao et al., 2023
Putative phosphorylation sites on tau by kinases	Ser199	Ser262	Thr153	Ser214	Ser235
	Thr205	Ser356	Thr175	Ser262	Ser202
	Thr212	Thr231	Thr191	Ser409	Thr205
	Thr231	Ser396	Thr205	Ser202	Thr212
	Ser396	Ser409	Ser202	Thr212	Thr217
	Ser404	Ser422	Ser396	Thr205	Thr231
	Ser396		Ser404	Ser199	Ser396
	Ser404		Ser422		Ser404
	Ser202
References	Stoothoff and Johnson, 2005; Wolfe, 2012; Cavallini et al., 2013; Kimura et al., 2014, 2018; Domise et al., 2016

AMPK: AMP-activated protein kinase; CDK5: cyclin-dependent kinase 5; ERK1/2: Ras-dependent extracellular signal-regulated kinase; GSK-3β: glycogen synthase kinase-3 beta; PKA: protein kinase A.