Table 2.

Distinct non-genomic cargoes and effects identified in exosomes from different cells in the brain

Non-genomic cargo	Cell types	Effects	References
α-syn	Microglia	Pathological protein aggregation promotes Parkinson’s disease development	Zhao and Yang, 2021
Aβ	Microglia, astrocyte	Pathological protein aggregation promotes Alzheimer’s disease development	Kim et al., 2020; Kaur et al., 2021; Zhao et al., 2022
mHTT	Astrocyte	Pathological protein aggregation promotes Huntington’s disease development	Hong et al., 2017
SOD1	Astrocyte	Transfer to spinal cord neurons and induce selective motor neuron death	Silverman et al., 2019
TDP-43	Astrocyte	Transfer to spinal cord neurons and induce selective motor neuron death	Iguchi et al., 2016; Maguire et al., 2019
IL-1β	Microglia	Induce and propagate inflammatory reactions throughout the brain	Jiang et al., 2021; Liu et al., 2022; Xian et al., 2022
BDNF	MSCs	Reduce amyloid-beta induced cognitive impairment	Xu et al., 2020; Ahn et al., 2021
Lipids	Oligodendrocyte	Neuroprotection and long-term axonal maintenance	Reiter and Bongarzone, 2020
44Q	Fibrocyte	Neuroprotection	Ren et al., 2009
Hsp70	Astrocyte	Promote neuronal survival	Attili et al., 2020
Wnt5a	BMSC	Inhibit the release of inflammatory factors and reduce M1 polarization in microglia	Xu et al., 2022
caspase-1	Microglia	lL-1β processing enzyme	Zhou et al., 2022
synapsin-1	Astrocyte	Neuroprotection	Upadhya et al., 2020
Myelin proteins	Oligodendrocyte	Neuroprotection and long-term axonal maintenance	Aneesh et al., 2021

Aβ: Amyloid-beta; BDNF: brain-derived neurotrophic factor; BMSC: bone marrow mesenchymal stem cell; Hsp70: heat shock protein 70; IL-1β: lnterleukin-1 beta; mHTT: mutant huntingtin protein; SOD1: superoxide dismutase 1; TDP-43: transactive response DNA-bindingprotein 43 kDa; Wnt5a: Wingless-related MMTV integration site 5A; α-syn: α-synuclein.