Table 1.

Summary of therapeutic targets for traumatic brain injuries

Therapeutic target	Characteristic	Therapeutic strategy	Reference
MicroRNA (miRNA)	Low number of nucleotides, conservation among species	miRNA inhibitors and miRNA mimics	Paul et al., 2020
CAMK2D	CAMK2D affects the expression of brain-derived trophic factor BDNF	Stereotactic injection of CAMK2D-overexpressing virus into the brain	Figueiredo et al., 2020
PARP	Small toxic side effects, clear effect, mitochondrial targeted delivery	Inhibitor of PARP	Chen et al., 2016; Sun et al., 2022
Microglia	Produce neuroprotective factors, clear cell debris, coordinate nerve repair, but after dysregulation produce pro-inflammatory factors and toxic mediators	Minocycline, atorvastatin, phosphodiesterase 4B, soluble epoxide hydrolase	Clausen et al., 2009; Liu et al., 2023
Ferroptosis	Iron dependence, non-apoptotic forms of programmed cell death	Inhibitor of Janus kinases 1 and 2	Xie et al., 2019
NMDAR	Neuroplasticity, nerve regeneration	D-cycloserine	Chamoun et al., 2010

BDNF: Brain-derived neurotrophic factor; CAMK2D: calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase type 2 delta; NMDAR: N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor; PARP: poly ADP-ribose polymerase.