Table 2.

Evaluation indicators for traumatic brain injuries

Category	Evaluation indicator	Reference
Behavioral evaluation indicators	mNSS, pen field test, water maze test, elevated plus maze test, novel object recognition test, line grasping test, bilateral forepaw muscle grasping test	Toshkezi et al., 2018; Ma et al., 2020; Friedman-Levi et al., 2021; Sun et al., 2021
Oxidative stress	Nrf2, HO-1, NQO-1, SOD, MDA	Khatri et al., 2018; Wang et al., 2020; Mei et al., 2021; Ponomarenko et al., 2021; Zhang et al., 2021
Inflammation	TNF-α, IL-1, IL-1β, IL-6, IL-8, IL-10, IL-12, IL-18, ICAM-1, VCAM-1, NF-κB, NLRP3, Caspase-1	Sara et al., 2020; Kempuraj et al., 2021; Ponomarenko et al., 2021; Wang et al., 2021; Yuan et al., 2021
Apoptosis	Caspase-3, TfR1, Fpn, FTH, FTL, RIPK1, MLKL	Chen et al., 2021; Lorente et al., 2021; Rui et al., 2021; Wehn et al., 2021; Yu et al., 2021
Calcium overload	Glutamate, ROS, Calpain	Ng and Lee, 2019; Han et al., 2022; Zong et al., 2022

Fpn: Ferroportin; FTH: ferritin heavy chain; FTL: ferritin light chain; HO-1: heme oxygenase-1; IL: interleukin; ICAM-1: intercellular cell adhesion molecule-1; mNSS: modified Neurological Severity score; MDA: malondialdehyde; MLKL: mixed lineage kinase domain-like protein; NF-κB: nuclear factor-κB; NLRP3: NOD-like receptor family pyrin domain containing 3; Nrf2: nuclear factor E2 related factor 2; NQO-1: quinone oxidoreductase 1; RIPK1: receptor-interacting protein kinase 1; ROS: reactive oxygen species; TfR1: transferrin receptor 1; TNF-α: tumor necrosis factor-α; VCAM-1: vascular cell adhesion molecule-1.