Table 2. Study table.

Study	Sample size	JBI Score	Aim	Methods	Analysis	Key Findings
Alyamani et al. (2018) [48]–Asia	2609	$8$	To identify the level of awareness of our population regarding PD in terms of causes, signs, symptoms, and treatment.	Cross-sectional study using a questionnaire.	Descriptive statistics	Public knowledge of PD was moderate, recognising motor symptoms more than non-motor symptoms. Educational campaigns may be appropriate to improve public awareness of PD
Anpalagan et al. (2019) [57]—Asia	14	$4$	To determine the awareness of PD in Asia	Cross-sectional design using a questionnaire.	Descriptive statistics, fishers exact test	Young adults are adequately aware of the PD There is a need to increase the PD awareness among the young adult population through educational programs.
Chow and Viehweger (2019) [45]—Worldwide	167	$4$	To summarize the studies documenting the awareness of Parkinson’s disease.	Meta-analysis of 8 studies using questionnaires.	Descriptive statistics, fishers exact test	Young adults awareness of PD is adequate Educational programs could help achieve increased PD awareness and knowledge
Chow et al. (2019a) [58]—Canada	Not mentioned	$4$	To determine the awareness of PD in London, Canada.	Cross-sectional study using questionnaires.	Descriptive statistics, fishers exact test	Young adults are adequately aware of the disease Increased awareness among the young adult population could be achieved through educational programs.
Chow et al (2019b) [59]—Canada	41	$4$	To determine the awareness of PD in Canada.	Cross-sectional study using questionnaires.	Descriptive statistics, fishers exact test	Young adults awareness of PD is adequate Educational programs for young adults would be beneficial
Flynn et al. (2009) [66]–United Kingdom	126	$4$	To explore current public knowledge of aphasia and a comparator neurological condition (Parkinson’s disease). It also investigated respondents’ sources of information and whether demographic factors affected knowledge.	Cross-sectional study using questionnaires.	Not mentioned	Knowledge about PD was adequate, but better than knowledge of aphasia Respondents gained their knowledge mainly through the media and personal connections. There was evidence that ethnicity may affect knowledge.
Ho et al. (2019a) [60]—Canada	15	$4$	To determine the awareness of PD in Toronto, Canada.	Cross-sectional study using questionnaires.	Descriptive statistics, fishers exact test	Young adults are adequately aware of the disease Awareness among the young adult population could be increased through educational programs.
Ho et al. (2019b) [61]—Canada	26	$4$	To determine the awareness of PD in Halifax, Canada.	Cross-sectional study using questionnaires.	Descriptive statistics, fishers exact test.	Young adults are adequately aware of the disease Educational programs would increase awareness of PD in young adults
Hollenberg et al. (2019) [62]–Ireland	15	$4$	To determine the awareness of PD in Dublin, Ireland.	Cross-sectional study using questionnaires.	Descriptive statistics, fishers exact test	Young adults awareness of PD is adequate Increased awareness among the young adult population could be achieved through educational programs.
Jitkritsadakul et al. (2016) [46]—Asia	108	$7$	To evaluate general understanding of PD and identify knowledge gaps amongst PD patients using a validated PD knowledge questionnaire.	Cross-sectional study using questionnaires.	Chi-square, independent t-test, Durbin Watson test, Mann Whitney U test, Pearson’s correlation, logistic regression	Significant knowledge gaps were identified amongst PD patients in all three aspects of the questionnaire. Timely identification of patients with inaccurate or insufficient disease-related knowledge could help healthcare professionals choose more suitable multimodal educational interventions.
Kaddumukasa et al. (2015) [50]—Africa	377	$7$	To assess knowledge and attitudes towards PD in a Ugandan community sample.	Cross-sectional study using questionnaires.	Descriptive statistics, chi-square	PD is readily recognised in Uganda however, knowledge on causes is limited and misconceptions are common. Need for educational resources to improve understanding of PD and reduce stigma.
Khalifa et al. (2018) [51]—Asia	150	$7$	To determine the level of awareness among university students regarding Parkinson’s disease.	Cross-sectional study using questionnaires.	Chi-square	Most of the participants showed moderate to good knowledge about PD and positive attitudes toward PD, although there were deficits in some of the answers. Future research should continue to explore knowledge and attitudes about PD in diverse communities and different samples.
Landua. (2021) [49]–United States	206	$4$	To identify the current level of knowledge and attitudes about PD among college students enrolled at Oklahoma State University.	Cross-sectional study using questionnaires.	Not applicable	There is a significant need for more educational programs to be implemented to alleviate lack of knowledge, misconceptions and negative attitudes surrounding PD and its possible management.
McCann et al. (2013) [65]–New Zealand	300	$4$	To investigate whether public awareness of aphasia has improved since the original international study by Simmons-Mackie et al. in 2002. A second aim was to compare health professionals’ awareness and knowledge of aphasia specifically with that of the public.	Cross-sectional study using questionnaires.	Not mentioned	Ten years after the first surveys, awareness and knowledge of PD, stroke and aphasia remain low. Efforts need to be taken to increase awareness and knowledge of these conditions to increase the health outcomes for people with aphasia and their families.
Mokaya et al. (2017) [53]–South Africa	Not mentioned	$4$	To explore how PD is perceived and conceptualised within communities in a Xhosa speaking black population in South Africa.	Cross-sectional study using questionnaires.	Not mentioned	There is a lack of knowledge about PD among black South Africans Almost half of the respondents felt people with PD should not live within the community and a third considered witchcraft as a cause of PD Public education would make it easier for people with PD to adapt to their condition within the community
Moore and Knowles. (2006) [52]–Australia	200	$6$	To ascertain beliefs and attitudes about PD, specifically the extent of negative attitudes, stereotyping and stigma associated with the disease.	Cross-sectional study using two questionnaires.	Descriptive statistics	Overall knowledge of PD was good, however, almost half of the respondents saw a stigma attached to PD. Highlights the need for public education, alongside programs for people with early onset PD.
Pan et al. (2014) [54]–United States	229	$8$	Understand knowledge and attitudes about PD among a racially/ethnically diverse group of community members.	Cross-sectional study involving focus groups (qualitative) and administration of a questionnaire (quantitative).	Logistic regression, Comparative analysis method	There is a low level of knowledge of PD in older adults Main barriers to care include fear, stigma and communication barriers Need for educational campaigns for PD was highlighted
Tan et al. (2015) [47]—Asia	1285	$8$	To explore the level of public knowledge regarding PD in a large multi-ethnic urban Asian cohort, and (as a secondary aim) in a smaller cohort of PD patients and caregivers.	Cross-sectional study using questionnaires.	Chi-square, analysis of variance, preliminary assumption testing	Important gaps in knowledge of PD were evident The need for further research and specific educational campaigns in this area was highlighted
Viehweger et al. (2019a) [63]—Canada	19	$4$	To determine the awareness of PD in Waterloo, Canada.	Cross-sectional study using questionnaires.	Descriptive statistics, fishers exact test	Young adults are adequately aware of the disease Educational programs could achieve increased awareness among this population
Viehweger et al. (2019b) [64]–United States	13	$4$	To determine the awareness of PD in New York, USA	Cross-sectional study using questionnaires.	Descriptive statistics, fishers exact test	Young adults knowledge of PD is sufficient Awareness of PD could be achieved through educational programs.
Werner and Korczyn. (2010) [56]—Asia	632	$4$	To assess the prevalence and socio-demographic correlates of lay persons’ beliefs and knowledge about PD.	Cross-sectional study using questionnaires.	Descriptive statistics, chi-square, spearman’s correlation, logistic regression, Mann Whitney U test	Low number of participants reported knowing much about PD and reported being worried or fearful of getting PD. Highlighted the need for expansion of PD research, alongside development of programs aiming to disseminate knowledge about PD.
Youn et al. (2016) [67]—Asia	1000	$7$	To investigate the awareness and knowledge about PD among the general population in South Korea and to identify the factors that are associated with these parameters	Cross-sectional study using questionnaires.	Logistic regression	Knowledge of younger subjects exhibited the least knowledge compared to respondents over 40 years of age. Low socioeconomic status was associated with poor knowledge of PD. Awareness and knowledge of PD showed hierarchical gradients with respect to age, income and education level. Educational strategies and approaches targeting specific subgroups are necessary to improve public awareness and knowledge about PD.
Zhang et al. (2018) [55]—Asia	238	$6$	To determine the rate of awareness, drug treatment and rehabilitation in PD.	Analysis and summary of data from Prevention and Intervention on Neurodegenerative Disease for the Elderly in China (PINDEC).	Descriptive statistics, chi-square	Rates of awareness, drug treatment and rehabilitation for elderly PD patients were low in China. Efforts to increase health education for PD should be made among the elderly.