Figure 10. Liver clock and gut microbes partition glucose and lipid metabolism.

Model figure. In SPF conditions, the liver circadian clock drives normal GNG and FA β-Ox, fecal microbial abundance oscillations, and hepatic transcriptome oscillations. Following hepatic Bmal1 deletion, GNG and FA β-Ox are reduced, oscillating microbiota increase, and oscillating hepatic transcripts are not enriched for metabolic pathways, including GNG and FA β-Ox. In GF conditions, GNG is reduced, and oscillating hepatic transcripts are not enriched for GNG and FA β-Ox metabolic pathways regardless of liver clock functionality. Green indicates upregulation, and red indicates downregulation. Solid arrows indicate intact communication, and dashed arrows indicate broken communication. The figure created using BioRender.