Table 1.
Prevalence of the five levels of adverse childhood experiences (ACEs)
| Prevalence, % (95% CI) | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Moderators | n | 0 ACE | 1 ACE | 2 ACEs | 3 ACEs | 4+ ACEs |
| Overall mean | 208 | 39.9 (29.8‐49.2) | 22.4 (14.1‐30.6) | 13.0 (6.5‐19.8) | 8.7 (3.4‐14.5) | 16.1 (8.9‐23.5) |
| Sex at birth | ||||||
| Female | 190 | 34.6 (29.7‐39.8) | 23.6 (21.5‐25.8) | 14.1 (12.8‐15.5) | 9.1 (8.1‐10.2) | 17.5 (14.7‐20.6) |
| Male | 163 | 45.1 (34.5‐56.6) | 20.3 (16.0‐25.0) | 11.2 (8.5‐14.3) | 7.8 (6.0‐9.7) | 14.3 (12.0‐16.6) |
| Age | ||||||
| Below average (mean: –1 SD) | 170 | 33.4 (27.5‐39.6) | 21.2 (19.6‐22.9) | 14.1 (13.2‐15.1) | 10.5 (8.6‐12.6) | 18.1 (13.3‐23.5) |
| Above average (mean: +1 SD) | 170 | 38.0 (35.1‐40.9) | 23.1 (21.9‐24.3) | 13.2 (12.3‐14.2) | 9.5 (8.4‐10.6) | 14.9 (12.3‐17.7) |
| Region | ||||||
| North America | 173 | 38.7 (34.9‐42.6) | 21.8 (19.6‐24.1) | 12.8 (11.6‐14.1) | 8.7 (8.0‐9.4) | 16.9 (15.4‐18.6) |
| Europe | 21 | 46.7 (39.9‐53.7) | 25.4 (22.4‐28.5) | 12.0 (10.3‐13.7) | 7.2 (4.5‐10.6) | 5.6 (2.9‐9.0) |
| Other | 14 | 43.7 (23.2‐62.7) | 23.2 (7.1‐40.5) | 13.6 (1.5‐28.3) | 8.2 (0.0‐20.6) | 11.3 (0.5‐25.2) |
| Racial‐ethnic group | ||||||
| White | 149 | 43.4 (38.7‐48.0) | 23.7 (21.3‐26.1) | 13.2 (11.9‐14.5) | 8.1 (7.3‐9.1) | 12.1 (10.2‐14.2) |
| Black | 112 | 33.2 (25.7‐41.1) | 20.3 (17.5‐23.3) | 13.3 (11.2‐15.7) | 9.3 (7.2‐11.6) | 21.5 (16.2‐27.5) |
| Latinx | 113 | 28.6 (21.6‐36.2) | 20.3 (17.0‐23.8) | 13.3 (11.5‐15.3) | 10.7 (9.0‐12.6) | 25.6 (20.7‐30.8) |
| Asian | 73 | 51.3 (43.0‐59.6) | 24.7 (22.3‐27.3) | 11.1 (8.3‐14.2) | 6.5 (4.7‐8.5) | 5.6 (2.4‐10.2) |
| Indigenous/Native American | 61 | 20.6 (10.7‐32.7) | 11.3 (4.5‐20.8) | 13.3 (9.6‐17.7) | 12.9 (8.7‐17.9) | 40.8 (23.1‐59.8) |
| Any minoritized group | 148 | 31.2 (22.8‐40.3) | 18.5 (15.4‐22.0) | 12.2 (10.1‐14.5) | 9.60 (7.7‐11.7) | 26.6 (21.0‐32.6) |
| Household income | ||||||
| Low | 32 | 17.4 (13.3‐21.9) | 15.7 (12.6‐19.0) | 13.3 (11.9‐14.7) | 11.3 (9.9‐12.8) | 40.5 (32.9‐48.4) |
| Mid‐to‐high | 15 | 38.2 (37.6‐38.8) | 23.4 (23.1‐23.7) | 13.4 (13.4‐13.4) | 8.9 (8.8‐9.0) | 16.0 (15.4‐16.7) |
| Sociodemographic and health‐related variables | ||||||
| Unhoused | 7 | 11.6 (10.2‐13.1) | 9.1 (7.8‐10.5) | 10.0 (9.3‐10.8) | 9.6 (8.0‐11.2) | 59.7 (56.8‐62.4) |
| Substance abuse/addiction | 11 | 15.8 (13.5‐18.3) | 13.0 (11.4‐14.8) | 12.7 (1.6‐13.7) | 11.1 (10.1‐12.1) | 55.2 (45.5‐64.8) |
| History of offending/criminality | 13 | 22.1 (12.5‐33.5) | 19.7 (14.6‐25.4) | 13.3 (11.9‐14.7) | 10.2 (8.4‐12.1) | 31.8 (17.0‐48.8) |
| History of a mental health condition | 10 | 15.0 (11.0‐19.4) | 12.6 (8.4‐17.5) | 12.2 (9.4‐15.3) | 11.0 (10.0‐12.0) | 47.5 (34.4‐60.7) |
| Assessment method | ||||||
| Questionnaire | 186 | 39.9 (35.8‐43.1) | 22.1 (20.1‐24.1) | 12.8 (11.7‐14.0) | 8.6 (7.9‐9.2) | 15.8 (14.5‐17.1) |
| Other methodologies | 15 | 34.3 (21.2‐48.7) | 20.5 (18.2‐23.0) | 13.1 (11.0‐15.3) | 9.5 (7.1‐12.2) | 19.8 (11.1‐30.2) |
| Study quality | ||||||
| Below average (mean: –1 SD) | 208 | 38.5 (37.1‐39.9) | 22.9 (21.7‐24.1) | 13.1 (12.4‐13.7) | 8.6 (8.2‐9.1) | 16.3 (15.1‐17.6) |
| Above average (mean: +1 SD) | 208 | 40.5 (34.0‐47.2) | 21.0 (18.2‐24.1) | 12.4 (10.6‐14.4) | 8.5 (7.2‐9.8) | 15.3 (12.8‐17.9) |