Table 3.
Meta‐analytic estimates of the absolute lifetime risk of DSM/ICD mental disorders in offspring by parent diagnosis
| Disorder in parents | |||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| None | Psychosis | Bipolar disorder | Depressive disorders | Anxiety disorders | Substance use disorders | Borderline personality disorder | ADHD | Disruptive disorders | OCD | Eating disorders | Any mental disorder | ||
| Disorder in offspring | Psychosis | 1% (1‐2) (n=33, N=2,598,579) | 8% (4‐17) (n=26, N=20,403) | 1% (1‐2) (n=14, N=1,913) | 2% (1‐5) (n=6, N=734) | 1% (0‐8) (n=2, N=124) | 3% (2‐4) (n=4, N=15,863) | 8% (0‐72) (n=5, N=14,637) | |||||
| Bipolar disorder | 1% (0‐3) (n=42, N=2,254,022) | 2% (1‐8) (n=8, N=1,521) | 5% (1‐23) (n=46, N=102,980) | 5% (3‐9) (n=12, N=2,771) | 1% (0‐6) (n=2, N=135) | 4% (2‐8) (n=2, N=168) | 5% (1‐26) (n=1, N=22) | 1% (0‐4) (n=2, N=32,251) | 3% (1‐10) (n=1, N=87) | ||||
| Depressive disorders | 5% (2‐11) (n=99, N=1,017,601) | 7% (2‐20) (n=17, N=2,352) | 18% (15‐21) (n=49, N=4,282) | 14% (5‐36) (n=52, N=360,472) | 2% (0‐35) (n=11, N=545) | 12% (8‐18) (n=13, N=1,948) | 43% (29‐58) (n=2, N=42) | 3% (0‐19) (n=1, N=33) | 21% (11‐36) (n=1, N=43) | 37% (26‐49) (n=2, N=183) | |||
| Anxiety disorders | 7% (2‐22) (n=89, N=345,063) | 8% (2‐30) (n=15, N=1,062) | 26% (21‐31) (n=46, N=4,069) | 24% (20‐28) (n=39, N=5,908) | 31% (17‐49) (n=14, N=23,394) | 19% (14‐25) (n=16, N=2,069) | 26% (16‐39) (n=2, N=58) | 15% (6‐32) (n=1, N=33) | 51% (37‐66) (n=1, N=43) | 25% (16‐37) (n=3, N=5,638) | |||
| Substance use disorders | 3% (1‐17) (n=55, N=502,737) | 13% (8‐19) (n=13, N=1,122) | 14% (10‐20) (n=22, N=2,767) | 23% (15‐34) (n=16, N=4,909) | 2% (0‐35) (n=2, N=166) | 9% (2‐39) (n=20, N=42,167) | 27% (13‐49) (n=1, N=22) | 12% (5‐25) (n=1, N=43) | 6% (0‐93) (n=2, N=6,010) | ||||
| Borderline personality disorder | 2% (0‐17) (n=6, N=11,024) | 5% (1‐19) (n=5, N=991) | 2% (0‐10) (n=2, N=69) | 2% (1‐4) (n=1, N=507) | 33% (17‐55) (n=1, N=21) | ||||||||
| ADHD | 3% (1‐14) (n=65, N=2,898,200) | 11% (2‐43) (n=10, N=20,279) | 10% (3‐30) (n=40, N=69,902) | 10% (6‐18) (n=25, N=224,003) | 2% (0‐34) (n=9, N=787) | 13% (10‐15) (n=17, N=2,542) | 49% (34‐64) (n=2, N=43) | 32% (8‐71) (n=5, N=44,287) | 23% (13‐38) (n=1, N=43) | 9% (1‐39) (n=2, N=5,542) | |||
| Disruptive disorders | 5% (4‐6) (n=50, N=147,749) | 4% (1‐22) (n=9, N=666) | 14% (11‐19) (n=26, N=2,386) | 12% (8‐17) (n=16, N=1,329) | 7% (3‐14) (n=8, N=483) | 12% (9‐17) (n=15, N=2,355) | 24% (13‐42) (n=1, N=33) | 15% (7‐29) (n=1, N=41) | 10% (6‐15) (n=2, N=183) | ||||
| OCD | 2% (1‐3) (n=30, N=4554) | 3% (1‐7) (n=4, N=185) | 4% (2‐6) (n=17, N=2,152) | 3% (2‐4) (n=9, N=1,930) | 5% (1‐15) (n=3, N=128) | 2% (1‐4) (n=3, N=344) | 41% (13‐77) (n=2, N=172) | 2% (1‐9) (n=1, N=87) | |||||
| Eating disorders | 1% (0‐4) (n=19, N=1,599,968) | 5% (2‐12) (n=6, N=1,776) | 2% (1‐4) (n=11, N=1,892) | 5% (1‐18) (n=1, N=41) | 0% (0‐2) (n=2, N=412) | 2% (1‐6) (n=4, N=4,963) | 2% (0‐27) (n=1, N=22) | 7% (2‐20) (n=1, N=43) | 1% (0‐9) (n=3, N=3,089) | 2% (1‐7) (n=3, N=38,098) | |||
| Any mental disorder | 14% (3‐42) (n=56, N=762,381) | 17% (1‐82) (n=13, N=7,830) | 55% (48‐61) (n=27, N=2,278) | 51% (42‐59) (n=20, N=2,134) | 55% (37‐72) (n=4, N=94) | 38% (18‐64) (n=12, N=24,913) | 73% (51‐87) (n=1, N=22) | 39% (24‐57) (n=1, N=33) | 55% (7‐95) (n=5, N=15,146) | ||||
Each percentage absolute risk estimate is followed by 95% CI. Low‐confidence estimates based on less than three studies are in italics. Empty cells indicate lack of data. Diagonal (grey‐shaded) cells show the lifetime risk for the same disorder that is present in the parent. Off‐diagonal cells show the lifetime risk for offspring disorders other than that diagnosed in the parent. The first column shows the lifetime risks of disorders in offspring of parents without a mental disorder. Where both family high‐risk and registry studies were available, data were weighted equally in the meta‐analytic estimate. ADHD – attention‐deficit/hyperactivity disorder, OCD – obsessive‐compulsive disorder.