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. 2023 May 21;228(6):734–741. doi: 10.1093/infdis/jiad163

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© The Author(s) 2023. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of Infectious Diseases Society of America.

This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivs licence (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/), which permits non-commercial reproduction and distribution of the work, in any medium, provided the original work is not altered or transformed in any way, and that the work is properly cited. For commercial re-use, please contact journals.permissions@oup.com

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Figure 3. — Stimulation of polyfunctional type 1 T-helper (Th1) CD4⁺ T-cell responses by variant spike proteins in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) of individuals treated with 2 doses of placebo or NVX-CoV2373. PBMCs from a convenience sample of 6 placebo 2-dose and 18 NVX-CoV2373 2-dose recipients at day 28 were stimulated for 6 hours with intact recombinant spike proteins of ancestral, Delta, Beta, and Omicron BA.1, BA.2, and BA.5 sequences. CD4⁺ T cells producing all 3 Th1 cytokines (interferon gamma [IFN-γ], tumor necrosis factor alpha [TNF-α], and interleukin 2 [IL-2]) were quantified via intracellular cytokine staining assay. Geometric mean counts of triple Th1 cytokine-positive CD4⁺ T cells per million CD4⁺ T cells (with 95% confidence intervals [CIs]) are shown. Two different experiments were run, with the first testing against ancestral, Delta, Omicron BA.1, and Omicron BA.2 strains, and the second testing against ancestral, Beta, and Omicron BA.5 strains.